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The Genomic Advancement Race – The Battle for Genetic Supremacy


In the race to have the next great sire, there comes a point where you have to ask have we taken it too far.  Analysis performed by Holstein International of the 33 popular genomics bulls of 2009 showed that only one has managed to maintain his breeding value: O-Style.  Even with those facts, why are so many A.I. companies now basing 70%, 80%, and 100% of their genetic programs on genomic sires?

Partly due to the “shortage” of new daughter proven sires of sons, and partly due to the increased confidence in genomics since it started in 2009 the percentage of breeding programs that are using genomic sires has increased from 40% to 50% on a global basis.  Moreover, just like a great outlier sire, the difference between the AI’s is substantial.  With Accelerated Genetics, Genex-CRI and Alta Genetics all sampling over 90% genomics sires.

So why are these studs putting so much weight in genomics?  Do they know something the rest of us don’t?  Have they just gone cuckoo?

In reality is actual goes back to the genetic advancement formula that has been around for many years.

Let’s take a close look at each piece of this equation and the effect genomics has.

Accuracy

The effect that genomics has on accuracy is very significant.  According to CDN the average gain in accuracy in LPI due to Genomics is as follows:

Sub-Group for Holstein Breed

Average LPI Reliability (%)

Traditional

Genomics

Gain

Direct Genomic Value (DGV) Weight

50K Young Bulls and Heifers
(Born 2008-2011)

37

66

29

64%

3K Heifers
(Born 2008-2011)

35

61

26

64%

Younger Cows in 1st or 2nd Lactation
(50k)

54

70

16

56%

Foreign Cows with MACE in Canada

43

68

25

61%

1st Crop Proven Sires in Canada

85

89

11

54%

Foreign Sires with MACE in Canada

70

81

11

54%

Selection Intensity

In the past AI companies would have sample multiple sires from the same cross, and try multiple crosses to find out which one was the genetically gifted.  That does not even take into account the need to sample from a larger portion of the top females to discover which ones where genetically gifted and which ones where “artificial” in their breeding values.  With genomics, they can pre-screen these sires and crosses to see which ones will have the highest chance of producing the next top-selling sire and which ones did not get the best their parents had to offer.

By eliminating the need to sample such a large number of sires, allows the AI companies to focus on a more intense core group of sires, and push the limits on genetics advancement

Genetic Variability

This is one area than many breeders do not pay enough attention to.  Certain traits, such as Milk Yield, Protein Yield, and stature are much more heritable than others (i.e. Rump and Feet & Legs).  What this means is, if you spent all your time breeding for feet and legs, you will see less overall genetic gain than say focusing on production traits.  That is why production sires will typically offer the greatest genetic gain, since most type traits have a much lower heritability.  It’s also why breeders always need to be conscious of production when building your breeding program and don’t mate for low heritability traits.

The following is Holstein heritability estimates used for genetic evaluations in Canada

  • Production Traits
    • Milk Yield 43%
    • Fat Yield  34%
    • Protein Yield 40%
    • Fat Percentage 50%
    • Protein Percentage  50%
  • Functional Traits
    • Somatic Cell Score  27%
    • Lactation Persistency 40%
    • Herd Life  10%
    • Calving Ability 6%
    • Daughter Calving Ability 6%
    • Milking Speed  21%
    • Milking Temperament 13%
    • Daughter Fertility 7%
  • Major Type Traits
    • Conformation 26%
    • Rump 15%
    • Mammary System 25%
    • Dairy Strength 36%

Time

In order to cut down the genetic intervals many AI companies are now using genomic sires themselves as sires of sons.  This means that there are sires of sons that don’t have any daughter information yet.  The company taking this to the extreme is Alta Genetics.  Their breeding program is made up by no less than 70% of genomic bulls that are sired by genomic bulls.  The greater you can cut down the interval from the birth of the parent to the birth of the progeny the greater the average genetic gain per year.Yes, you will run the risk of sires that drop, but overall on a large breeding program you will come out ahead.

The Bullvine Bottom Line

Many AI companies, especially in North America, are pushing the edge with genomics to maximize annual genetic gain.  While they will run the risk of a sire not turning out, or dropping significantly from his pre-proven prediction, when you look at the net result over the generations of their whole breeding program they will come out way ahead.  By leveraging the effect Genomics has on accuracy, selection intensity, focusing on highly heritable traits, and making the interval between generations as low as possible, these studs stand the greatest chance of consistently producing the best genetics available.
The Dairy Breeders No BS Guide to Genomics

 

Not sure what all this hype about genomics is all about?

Want to learn what it is and what it means to your breeding program?

Download this free guide.


Comments

  1. AI are using so heavy a weighting on mating sires with genomics, for one reason.

    AI have “opt-out” contracts.

    AI don’t have to write a check on the matings (made today), for 24 months, until at least 2014.

    We will learn a lot about genomics and how it functions effectively by then.

    AI will be able to double check “accuracy” in the above equation, before paying $$.

    The stunning thing, is that breeders will be milking the mistakes of the “opt-out” for a long time.

    The saving grace is everybody needs ET recipients, too.

    We’re making them.

    Sucks if your buying a “first choice” for a lot of money, sired by the latest genome tested sire.

    A mentor of mine said,

    “Son, there’s 2 ways to learn. The easy way & the hard way……. I don’t care which way you learn, but you will.”

  2. Hey Jamie,

    Thanks for your comments. The one thing we learned when selling bulls or embryos, is that you always need to protect what matings you use. Since you will be getting some of the progeny as well.

    As a result of genomics there are less bulls being sampled, but it does leave the breeders who have the top genomics in a better bargaining position. You can now say, hey I have the one, whats the best deal you are able to give.

    Andrew

  3. I for one don’t believe in making the interval between generations the shortest possible. History has shown that some of the best bulls that have come out, came from a very long interval between generations. This happened with Elton. As Elton’s second crop daughters came out in 1993, he suddenly became one of the highest bulls for TPI. And then, he was given a late chance as a sire of sons, and his influence today is extremely important. Without him we wouldn’t have had Durham, nor BW Marshall. Sure, the faster the generations pass, the faster the genetic advancement will probably be, but simply guiding yourselves for TPI numbers and not giving other proven bulls a chance is just moronic. If things go by too fast, we will loose too many opportunities that are valuable to us. I highly doubt that Alta will produce the best genetics available, if history teaches us anything, is that Select Sires has done it, and they are giving proven bulls a chance as a sire of sons.

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