EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: While reported H5N1 cases in U.S. dairy cattle have slowed, the virus persists via “slow burn” infections, particularly in Idaho—now the outbreak epicenter—driven by cattle movements and environmental spread. California’s dense dairy regions face lingering infections, and new viral genotypes signal ongoing adaptation to mammals. Economic losses could hit .1M per 1,000-cow operation during quarantines, with milk production drops and rising insurance costs. Rigorous biosecurity, including testing, isolation, and milking protocols, remains critical as experts warn H5N1 is now an enduring threat requiring long-term vigilance.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Silent threat: “Slow burn” infections mean H5N1 lingers undetected, flaring when naive animals are introduced.
Idaho’s crisis: Cattle imports and high-density dairies fuel spread, serving as a warning for national biosecurity gaps.
Economic toll: Quarantines risk $2M+ losses per farm; milk production drops persist for weeks post-infection.
Viral evolution: New genotypes (B3.13, D1.1) show adaptation to mammals, raising spillover risks.
Action now: Testing, 30-day quarantines, and milking hygiene are non-negotiable to curb transmission.
Dairy farmers, let’s get straight to it: that recent talk about fewer new H5N1 avian flu cases? Don’t let it lull you into a false sense of security. This virus is playing a dangerous game of hide-and-seek on farms, and the latest intelligence pinpoints Idaho as the new epicenter for infections in U.S. dairy cattle . This isn’t the time to relax biosecurity; it’s a critical wake-up call. The “slow burn” nature of this virus on dairy operations means undetected persistence can still lead to devastating outbreaks and significant financial pain—we’re talking potential revenue losses around $2.1 million for a 1,000-cow operation over a six-month quarantine .
The “Slow Burn” Illusion: Declining New Cases Don’t Mean Diminished Risk
It’s easy to let your guard down when headlines hint at a slowdown in H5N1. But according to veterinary experts like Dr. Keith Poulsen of the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, that’s a misread of the situation. “It’s not going away, and everytime we think it’s going away, it really comes back,” he warns, emphasizing that constant vigilance across all animal agriculture sectors is paramount .
The reality, particularly in U.S. dairy herds, is that H5N1 can persist at low, often subclinical levels—a dangerous phenomenon described as a “slow burn” . This means the virus can circulate quietly on a farm, not causing obvious, widespread illness, until susceptible, immunologically naive animals are introduced. That’s the spark that can ignite a full-blown, detectable outbreak, making it seem like a fresh infection when, in fact, the virus was insidiously present all along .
This “slow burn” dynamic makes tracking new case numbers a deceptive indicator of the true threat level. A reduction in newly identified farm outbreaks doesn’t mean the virus is retreating. In fact, the cumulative total of affected U.S. dairy herds has steadily climbed, reaching 1,047 by May 1, 2025, and rising further to 1,065 herds across 17 states by May 16, 2025 . This persistent creep underscores that H5N1 isn’t just an acute emergency; it’s an enduring challenge demanding continuous, proactive biosecurity and surveillance, not just reactive measures when sirens are blaring .
What This Means For Your Operation: Complacency is your biggest enemy right now. An apparently healthy herd doesn’t automatically mean a virus-free herd. Every time you bring new animals onto your farm without cast-iron testing and quarantine protocols, you risk adding fuel to those smoldering “slow burn” embers .
Idaho: The New H5N1 Epicenter & A Stark Warning on Cattle Movement
The map of H5N1 in dairy cattle has shifted, with Idaho now identified by experts like Dr. Poulsen as the current “epicenter” of the outbreak . As of late April 2025, 25 dairy facilities in Idaho were under quarantine across key dairy counties like Gooding, Jerome, and Twin Falls . This surge is thought to be significantly exacerbated by the movement of lactating cows into Idaho from southwestern states . The introduction of these animals—potentially carrying the virus or simply being naive to it—into environments where H5N1 may already be circulating at low levels is a perfect storm for amplifying viral spread .
California also remains a major hotspot, with an overwhelming 766 affected herds reported by May 2025 . The Chino Valley, with its high density of dairy operations, has been particularly problematic, highlighting how farm proximity can fuel transmission . Even if the rate of new herd detections slows in such heavily affected areas, the virus can persist on farms where it’s already established .
Why This Matters To You: Idaho’s escalating situation is a brutally clear lesson for the entire dairy industry: unchecked animal movement is a massive vulnerability. The USDA has mandated pre-movement testing for lactating dairy cattle moving interstate . But that’s the baseline. If your operation involves bringing in animals, your own farm-level diligence in sourcing, robust testing beyond minimums, and strict quarantine for new arrivals (at least 30 days is a common recommendation ) is non-negotiable.
The Economic Hammer: Counting the Crippling Costs of H5N1
Let’s talk frankly about the financial devastation H5N1 can unleash. The economic burden on affected dairy operations is multi-layered and severe. Beyond the immediate shock of plummeting milk production, the long-term financial bleeding can be intense. As mentioned, modeling suggests a typical 1,000-cow dairy could face around $2.1 million in lost revenue during a six-month quarantine . On top of that, producers are reporting that insurance premiums have skyrocketed, with some seeing year-over-year increases of 22% .
California, as the nation’s leading dairy state, provides a sobering case study: its milk output dropped by a significant 5.7% in January 2025, an impact directly attributed to H5N1 . The USDA’s indemnity program, which disbursed .46 billion in January 2025 to both poultry and dairy producers for losses including culled animals, offers some support . However, for dairy, where cow mortality from H5N1 is generally low (around 2% or less), the main economic drain comes from prolonged periods of dramatically reduced milk production in affected cows, discarded milk, and the costs of increased labor and veterinary care .
Your Actionable Insight: The ROI on stringent, consistently applied biosecurity has never been more compelling. Every dollar and every hour invested in fortifying your farm’s defenses can prevent catastrophic financial losses. It’s time to review your current biosecurity plan with a critical eye: where are the gaps, and what more can be done today?
We’re not fighting a static enemy. The H5N1 virus is a moving target, constantly evolving. In U.S. dairy cattle, the outbreak initially involved the B3.13 genotype . But then, a different H5N1 genotype, D1.1, was confirmed in dairy cattle in Nevada and subsequently Arizona, detected through routine bulk milk tank testing under the National Milk Testing Strategy . This D1.1 strain is genetically similar to H5N1 viruses found circulating in North American wild birds, indicating at least a second, independent spillover event from wild birds into dairy cattle . Some reports even suggest the Arizona D1.1 detection could represent a third such jump .
These multiple, independent spillover events of different H5N1 genotypes from the wild bird reservoir into a novel mammalian host like dairy cattle are highly significant. They suggest the barrier for bird-to-cow transmission may be lower than previously thought, or that specific farm environments and practices are repeatedly facilitating these jumps .
Of particular concern are genetic mutations that could enhance the virus’s ability to infect and replicate in mammals. Some D1.1 viruses isolated from dairy cattle (and from one human case in Nevada exposed to infected cattle) carry the PB2-D701N mutation, a known marker associated with increased viral polymerase activity and adaptation to mammalian cells . Even with the B3.13 genotype, experimental infection in pigs (a key mammalian species for influenza) led to the detection of a non-dominant mutation in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene in one animal, a mutation also previously linked to increased affinity for mammalian-type receptors .
The Takeaway for Your Farm: This viral evolution means your biosecurity measures aren’t just defending against the H5N1 of last year; they must be robust enough to counter a virus that is actively adapting and probing for weaknesses. The sustained, large-scale circulation of H5N1 in a new, populous mammalian species like dairy cattle provides an unprecedented “adaptation laboratory” for the virus . This makes comprehensive biosecurity more critical than ever.
Expert Voices: Straight Talk from the Front Lines
“It’s not going away, and everytime we think it’s going away, it really comes back and our animal agriculture industries, whether it’s poultry, swine, or dairy need to maintain vigilance for this.” – Dr. Keith Poulsen, Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory .
“Dairy producers need to understand that H5N1’s ‘slow burn’ capacity is a game-changer. An outbreak might not always announce itself with dramatic, widespread sickness. It can simmer, spread silently via contaminated equipment or undetected animal movements, only to explode when conditions are right. This demands a fundamental shift to proactive, constant biosecurity, not just reactive crisis management.” – Hypothetical: Dr. Annabelle Clarke, Dairy Biosecurity & Risk Management Specialist.
“The fact that we’re seeing multiple H5N1 genotypes, like D1.1, jumping from wild birds to cattle, tells us this isn’t a one-off fluke. The virus is repeatedly finding pathways into our dairy herds. This underscores that every farm’s first line of defense – robust biosecurity at every potential entry point – is absolutely crucial to breaking these chains of transmission.” – Hypothetical: Dr. Ben Carter, Veterinary Epidemiologist focusing on Emerging Diseases.
The Bottom Line: H5N1 Isn’t a Passing Storm—It’s the New Agricultural Climate
Let’s be clear: H5N1 is not a temporary crisis we can simply wait out. The expert consensus is that this virus is now an entrenched, enduring threat, firmly established in global wild bird populations that act as a constant reservoir . The idea of complete eradication from these wild reservoirs is, frankly, unrealistic .
This means the dairy industry must adapt to a “new normal” where H5N1 is a persistent risk factor. The virus’s proven ability to infect and adapt within mammalian hosts, particularly now within the vast U.S. dairy cattle population, signals an evolving challenge . We must anticipate seasonal resurgences, especially linked to wild bird migrations, and be prepared for further viral evolution .
While research into cattle vaccines is underway with USDA support , there are no H5N1 vaccines currently approved for U.S. dairy cattle . Therefore, your farm’s resilience hinges on unwavering, multi-layered biosecurity. This isn’t just about following regulations; it’s about safeguarding your animals, your business, and your future.
Your H5N1 defense strategy must, at a minimum, include these cornerstones :
Rigorous Testing: Test every animal coming onto your farm, adhering to, and ideally exceeding, federal and state mandates for pre-movement testing .
Fortified Farm Biosecurity: Elevate all on-farm biosecurity protocols. This means strict control over who and what comes onto your premises, dedicated clothing/footwear, and meticulous hygiene for all personnel.
Animal Movement Scrutiny: Exercise extreme caution and diligence when moving animals for any purpose—shows, sales, or inter-farm transfers. Minimize non-essential movements.
Quarantine as Standard: Isolate all newly acquired animals for at least 30 days in a separate area before introducing them to the main herd .
Manure Management Overhaul: Given the virus can survive for extended periods (e.g., up to 22 days in contaminated manure lagoons under certain conditions), review and reinforce your manure handling and storage practices to prevent environmental contamination and spread .
Milking Parlor Discipline: Implement strict hygiene in the milking parlor. Milk known sick or suspect cows last, or with dedicated equipment, and ensure thorough cleaning and disinfection of milking clusters between animals .
The fight against H5N1 on dairy farms is a marathon, not a sprint. Those operations that embed proactive, comprehensive biosecurity into the very fabric of their daily management will be the best positioned to navigate this enduring challenge.
How Canada Keeps Its Dairy Cows Free from Bird Flu: Offers a look at the strategies Canada has employed, including strong farm cleanliness, early virus checks, and strict import rules, which have so far kept H5N1 out of their dairy cattle population, providing potential lessons and contrasts.
Join the Revolution!
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 in your milk? UC Davis reveals a $20 citric acid fix that beats pasteurization. Dairy’s game-changer is here!
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: UC Davis researchers have discovered that acidifying milk to pH 4.1-4.2 with citric acid completely inactivates H5N1 bird flu in six hours—a breakthrough offering dairy farms an affordable alternative to pasteurization. With fewer than 50% of large farms and just 1% of small operations currently pasteurizing waste milk, this method eliminates costly equipment barriers while enhancing biosecurity. The process requires only basic supplies, works with higher-fat milk, and keeps treated milk safe for calves. As H5N1 spreads across 16 states, the technique provides immediate, scalable protection for farms of all sizes. The team is now validating findings in real-world settings, potentially revolutionizing how the industry manages disease risks.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Citric Acid Beats Pasteurization Costs: Acidifying milk to pH 4.1-4.2 destroys H5N1 in 6 hours—no expensive equipment needed.
Democratizes Biosecurity: Fixes a critical gap for 99% of small/medium farms that can’t afford pasteurization.
Safe for Calves: Treated waste milk remains viable for feeding, closing a major transmission pathway.
Urgent Relevance: With H5N1 in 16 states, this $20 solution offers immediate protection as outbreaks escalate.
Fat Content Bonus: Higher-fat milk enhances virus inactivation, making whole milk ideal for the process.
Got bird flu fears but can’t afford pasteurization? UC Davis just handed you a weapon that costs pennies: common citric acid. This six-hour treatment destroys H5N1 in waste milk, giving every dairy – from backyard operators to industry giants – an immediate biosecurity upgrade while H5N1 rampages through herds in 16 states.
How Does Simple Acid Take Down a Killer Virus?
The UC Davis research team has conclusively proven that acidifying milk to a pH between 4.1 and 4.2 using ordinary citric acid destroys the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus within six hours. After exploring multiple alternatives to costly pasteurization, researchers found that this specific pH range consistently obliterated both test strains and actual H5N1 samples from infected cows in laboratory conditions.
“What we found shows that milk acidification is an effective and approachable way to kill the H5N1 virus in raw milk completely,” explains Dr. Beate Crossley, co-lead author of the groundbreaking study published in the Journal of Dairy Science.
Their research demonstrates the need for precision, keeping the pH between 4.05 and 4.2, with an ideal target as close to 4.1 as possible. This matters because effectiveness drops sharply at higher pH levels. They also discovered something unexpected: milk with higher fat content enhanced virus inactivation using this method.
Why This Matters for Your Farm: You don’t need a science degree to implement this tomorrow. Basic pH testing supplies and citric acid are all it takes to transform your potentially virus-laden waste milk from a biosecurity threat to safe calf feed – no special training or equipment required.
Finally! H5N1 Protection That Won’t Break the Bank
The industry has a massive biosecurity blind spot with waste milk, and we all know why: pasteurization equipment is expensive as hell. USDA data tells the stark story: only 44% of large operations (500+ cows) currently pasteurize waste milk before feeding it to calves. That number crashes to just 3% for medium-sized farms (100-499 cows) and a pathetic 1% for small dairies under 100 cows. This isn’t lazy farming – it’s economic reality.
“There can be quite a significant cost to have pasteurization as an option on the farm,” acknowledges Dr. Richard Van Vleck Pereira, veterinary epidemiologist at UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. That “significant cost” often represents a five-figure investment that most operations simply can’t justify.
Acidification demolishes this financial barrier. We’re talking about inexpensive citric acid and basic pH testing supplies versus tens of thousands in pasteurization equipment. Beyond the upfront savings, the process delivers additional economic benefits that hit your bottom line:
No refrigeration needed during treatment – cutting energy costs
No specialized equipment to maintain or repair – eliminating service contracts
Minimal labor and training requirements – saving precious time
Works with existing feeding systems – no infrastructure changes
Why This Matters for Your Farm: For less than the cost of a good pair of boots, you can implement the same level of H5N1 protection that previously required massive capital investment. This isn’t just biosecurity – it’s financial security.
Got Six Hours? Here’s Your Bird Flu Solution
The research provides crystal-clear guidelines for dairy farmers who are ready to implement this biosecurity upgrade tomorrow morning. Target a pH close to 4.1 (between 4.05 and 4.2) and wait six hours to ensure complete viral destruction. Yes, that’s longer than pasteurization’s minutes-long process, but the trade-off in equipment savings makes it worthwhile for most operations.
What makes this solution particularly valuable is its flexibility. The waste milk treated with this method remains completely safe for feeding pre-weaned calves, addressing one of the most common uses for waste milk and eliminating a major potential pathway for virus transmission on your farm.
Many operations already use acidification to inhibit bacterial growth in calf feed, making adoption even easier. But the UC Davis team isn’t stopping at laboratory proof – they’re taking this to the barn.
“Our pilot study suggests that milk acidification could be a valuable tool for dairy farmers to manage the risk of H5N1 in nonsaleable milk,” notes Dr. Crossley. The team plans on-farm testing with H5N1-positive waste milk to develop comprehensive implementation guidelines for producers across different farm setups.
Why This Matters for Your Farm: With H5N1 now confirmed in dairy cattle across 16 states, you need solutions that work today, not next year. This treatment can be implemented immediately, potentially saving your operation from becoming the following statistic in this rapidly expanding outbreak.
What The Experts Are Saying
“This method offers farmers an easier and more accessible alternative to pasteurization, particularly for smaller farms where pasteurization equipment may not be readily available,” explains Dr. Pereira, highlighting how this discovery levels the playing field for operations of all sizes.
Dr. Crossley emphasizes simplicity and effectiveness: “We found that milk acidification is an effective and approachable way to kill the H5N1 virus completely in raw milk.”
The Journal of Dairy Science’s editor-in-chief, Dr. Paul Kononoff, underscores the broader impact: “This research provides a foundation for developing practical strategies to mitigate the spread of H5N1 and provide safety for cows and people on dairy farms.”
The Bottom Line: Your Move Against Bird Flu
Let’s cut to the chase – the UC Davis discovery is a game-changer for your biosecurity strategy. For years, we’ve told smaller operations they should pasteurize waste milk while knowing full well most couldn’t afford the equipment. That gap has left most U.S. dairy farms vulnerable to spreading H5N1 through waste milk. Not anymore.
This isn’t just another scientific paper – it’s potentially the most practical biosecurity upgrade you’ll make this year. With acidification, a farm milking 20 cows now has access to the same viral inactivation capability as a 2,000-cow operation, all without breaking the bank.
As H5N1 continues its march through America’s dairy herds, the question isn’t whether you can afford to implement milk acidification – it’s whether you can afford not to. Call your herd veterinarian today to discuss incorporating this six-hour acid treatment into your waste milk protocols. Sometimes the most powerful solutions are also the simplest, and this is one of those rare cases were better biosecurity costs less.
Learn more:
Bird Flu and Milk: The Unshakeable Science Protecting Your Bulk Tank: This article delves into the broader context of H5N1 in milk, emphasizing the proven effectiveness of pasteurization and the risks associated with raw milk, which sets the stage for why an alternative like acidification is so valuable.
H5N1 Rages Through U.S. Dairy Industry While Canadian Farms Remain Virus-Free: This piece highlights the severe impact of H5N1 on U.S. dairy herds and underscores the critical role of biosecurity. The discussion of raw milk as a primary transmission vector reinforces the importance of inactivation methods like acidification.
Dairy Biosecurity Protocols: This tag page, and specifically the article previewed “WHAT SAVVY PRODUCERS MUST DO NOW: THE BULL VINE’S SURVIVAL CHECKLIST,” provides actionable biosecurity advice, which directly complements the practical solution offered by milk acidification for managing waste milk.
Join the Revolution!
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Raw milk hides H5N1 for 8 weeks! Cornell study proves heat kills it. Essential dairy safety insights inside.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Cornell University researchers discovered that H5N1 avian influenza survives in raw milk for up to 8 weeks under refrigeration but is rapidly neutralized by heat treatments like pasteurization (63°C/145°F for 30 min) or even lower-temperature thermization (54°C/129°F for 15 min). The virus’s persistence challenges raw milk safety and renders the 60-day aging rule for cheeses ineffective, though pH control (≤5.0) inactivates it. Public health risks remain low for pasteurized products but spike with raw milk consumption, especially for farm workers and animals. The dairy industry must adopt precise heat protocols, enhanced biosecurity, and rethink raw milk cheese production. This crisis underscores the critical role of science in balancing tradition and safety.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
H5N1 survives 8 weeks in refrigerated raw milk, posing risks for unpasteurized products and cross-contamination.
Heat kills it fast: Standard pasteurization (63°C/145°F) and sub-pasteurization (54°C/129°F for 15 min) fully inactivate the virus.
60-day cheese aging fails against H5N1, but pH ≤5.0 during production eliminates the threat.
Raw milk consumers and farm workers face highest risk; pasteurized dairy remains safe.
Dairy industry must prioritize heat-treated milk handling and rethink biosecurity to curb outbreaks.
Cornell University’s groundbreaking research reveals that while the H5N1 avian influenza virus can survive in refrigerated raw milk for eight weeks, even moderate heat treatments destroy it. This game-changing discovery offers dairy producers’ practical solutions beyond standard pasteurization. Are you implementing them on your farm?
When H5N1 avian influenza first jumped to dairy cattle last year, it caught our entire industry flat-footed. Most of us never imagined that the “bird flu” would become a bovine problem, much less one that specifically targets the mammary system and sheds directly into milk. Yet here we are, facing the largest outbreak of a highly pathogenic virus in domestic mammals in U.S. history, with over 1,000 affected herds across 17 states.
While government agencies scrambled to understand this unprecedented cross-species leap, Cornell University researchers rolled their sleeves and delivered the answers producers desperately needed about this virus’s behavior in milk. Their findings aren’t just reassuring- they’re revolutionary for our thoughts on on-farm milk safety.
The Harsh Reality: Your Bulk Tank Could Harbor Live Virus for Months
Let’s cut right to the chase: H5N1-positive milk sitting in your bulk tank at standard refrigeration temperatures isn’t becoming safer with time. Cornell researchers demonstrated that viable, infectious H5N1 virus can persist in raw milk for a staggering eight weeks when stored at 4°C (39.2°F). This finding emerged from careful decay studies involving milk from naturally infected cows and experimental models using spiked samples.
Think about that timeline. While most dairy pathogens we worry about are bacterial and get knocked back by refrigeration, this virus thumbs its nose at your plate cooler. Cornell’s research team found that H5N1 has a half-life of approximately 2.1 days at refrigeration temperatures, with complete viral inactivation requiring about 69 days. This persistence creates extended risk windows throughout your entire operation:
For your milking crew handling raw milk daily
For calves fed unpasteurized waste milk
For equipment that could cross-contaminate between milkings
For your on-farm store customers, if you sell raw milk products
Is your operation still treating milk safety like it’s 2019? The H5N1 era demands a complete rethinking of raw milk handling protocols, whether you’re a 3,000-cow dairy or a small family operation selling directly to consumers.
This extended viability should particularly concern operations that pool milk from multiple sources, as just one infected cow could contaminate entire batches. Remember how quickly mycoplasma spread through commingled heifer-raising facilities in the early 2000s? The same principle applies here, but with potentially greater public health implications.
The Heat Treatment Revolution: Your New Biosecurity Weapon
The good news should have every dairy farmer breathing a sigh of relief: H5N1 virus is remarkably heat-sensitive. Cornell’s research confirmed what many hoped would be true, even moderate heat treatments rapidly inactivate this pathogen.
Pasteurization: Bulletproof Protection
Let’s start with the gold standard: traditional pasteurization completely obliterates the H5N1 virus. Cornell scientists found that both standard methods deliver 100% protection:
Vat Pasteurization (LTLT): 63°C (145°F) for 30 minutes
HTST Flash Pasteurization: 72°C (162°F) for 15 seconds
But what’s truly revolutionary about Cornell’s findings is that you don’t need industrial pasteurization equipment to eliminate H5N1 from milk on your farm effectively.
Beyond Pasteurization: Game-Changing Options for Every Operation
The Cornell team’s identification of effective sub-pasteurization treatments has excited progressive producers. Their research pinpointed several accessible options that inactivate the virus entirely:
60°C (140°F) for just 5 seconds achieves complete inactivation
54°C (129°F) for 10-15 minutes delivers complete inactivation
Let that sink in. You don’t need an expensive HTST system to protect your operation from H5N1. Even basic on-farm equipment can achieve these parameters.
But a word of caution: Cornell researchers found that treatment at 50°C (122°F) for 10 minutes was insufficient. This narrow margin between effective and ineffective treatments means precision matters. Are your thermometers calibrated, and your heating systems monitored? Because being off by just a few degrees could mean the difference between safety and continued risk.
These findings should prompt immediate action for those feeding waste milk to calves, a common practice on many dairy operations. If you’ve been feeding raw waste milk to your replacement heifers, you’re potentially creating a reservoir for H5N1 in your youngstock. Several on-farm pasteurizers designed specifically for calf milk can easily achieve the parameters needed to inactivate the virus.
The Raw Milk Cheese Bombshell: Your 60-Day Aging Rule Is Worthless Against H5N1
For artisanal cheesemakers who’ve built their businesses around raw milk products, Cornell’s findings deliver a particularly sobering wake-up call: the federally mandated 60-day aging period for raw milk cheese does absolutely nothing to protect against the H5N1 virus.
This revelation shatters a foundational assumption underpinning raw milk cheese safety protocols for decades. For context, the 60-day aging rule (21 CFR Part 133) was established primarily to control bacterial pathogens like Listeria, E. coli, and Salmonella, which typically decline during aging as cheese pH drops, moisture decreases and competing cultures flourish. The Cornell team’s research emphatically demonstrated that the H5N1 virus doesn’t play by these rules, surviving the entire 60-day aging period in standard raw milk cheeses.
The researchers calculated specific decimal reduction times (D-values) for H5N1 in raw milk cheeses: 25.5 days for cheese at pH 6.6 and 32.2 days for cheese at pH 5.8. This means it would take approximately 76-96 days (3 D-values) to achieve even a 99.9% reduction in viral load, well beyond the standard 60-day aging requirement.
Are you still relying on that 60-day aging period to keep your artisanal cheese customers safe? If so, it’s time to rethink your approach.
Interestingly, the research did uncover a potential solution in the form of pH control. When milk was acidified to pH 5.0 before cheesemaking, Cornell scientists found the virus was rapidly inactivated. This presents both challenges and opportunities for artisan producers:
Some traditional cheese varieties naturally achieve this pH rapidly
Others maintain higher pH values throughout production and aging
Selecting starter cultures that quickly acidify milk could provide a critical safety intervention
For farmstead cheesemakers already monitoring pH curves during production, this represents an accessible control point within existing protocols. But are you monitoring pH with H5N1 control in mind, or just for flavor development? The difference could determine whether your aged raw milk cheese remains a premium product or becomes a public health concern.
Worker Protection: Is Your Team Really Protected?
Let’s talk about the elephant in the parlor and worker safety. With approximately 70 human cases of H5N1 reported in the U.S. since the outbreak began, including 41 individuals with confirmed occupational exposure to infected dairy cows, this isn’t just an animal health issue anymore.
Cornell and CDC research confirms that most human cases have occurred among dairy farm workers with direct animal contact. This pattern suggests key risk factors include exposure to raw milk during collection and handling, contact with aerosols generated during milking, and inadequate personal protective equipment.
Most operations upgraded their worker health protocols during COVID, but are those measures sufficient for protecting your team from a virus shed directly into milk? The concentration of human cases among milkers and other dairy personnel suggests this is not true.
When was the last time you evaluated your parlor’s ventilation system? Research suggests aerosols generated during milking could be a transmission route. While many operations installed improved ventilation systems years ago for heat abatement and cow comfort, few designed these systems with zoonotic disease prevention in mind.
Progressive operations are implementing enhanced protection measures that go well beyond standard dairy PPE:
N95 respirators during the milking of suspect animals
Face shields during high-pressure washing of milking equipment
Impermeable gloves with extended cuffs for milk sampling
Footbaths with virucidal disinfectants at transition points
Does your safety program still treat PPE as a recommendation rather than a requirement? The data suggests this approach is leaving your workforce unnecessarily exposed.
Biosecurity Reality Check: Time to Raise the Bar
Let’s get brutally honest: the biosecurity practices that many dairy operations consider “good enough” pre-H5N1 don’t cut it anymore. The FARM Program’s Everyday Biosecurity guidelines offer a solid foundation, but forward-thinking producers are going several steps further.
When did we decide that “good enough” biosecurity was actually good enough? In reality, many operations have implemented the bare minimum needed to satisfy co-op requirements rather than what’s truly required to protect their herds and businesses.
Essential upgraded practices now include:
Implementing true line-of-separation practices with dedicated footwear and clothing between production areas
Isolating newly-introduced cattle in dedicated fresh cow pens for at least 30 days
Establishing clean/dirty zones in milk houses with appropriate disinfection protocols
Installing heat treatment systems for raw milk fed to calves
Implementing proper post-milking sanitization of inflations and milking units between cows
Cornell researchers have established that infected milking equipment likely represents the primary route of cow-to-cow transmission, spreading the virus directly to the mammary tissue during milking. If your operation still treats liner sanitization as optional, you’re playing Russian roulette with your herd health.
H5N1 Heat Treatment Quick Guide
Cornell-Verified Thermal Inactivation Options:
Complete Viral Inactivation:
60°C (140°F) for 5 seconds
54°C (129°F) for 10-15 minutes
Standard Pasteurization (LTLT/HTST): Fully Effective
CAUTION: 50°C (122°F) for 10 minutes INSUFFICIENT
Application Points:
Waste milk for calf feeding
On-farm milk processing
Milk disposal protocols
Artisanal cheese production
Implementation Note: Ensure accurate temperature measurement and monitoring throughout treatment.
The Bottom Line: What Smart Producers Are Doing Now
The emergence of H5N1 in dairy cattle represents one of the most significant animal health challenges our industry has faced in decades. But unlike some threats that offer no clear solution, Cornell’s research provides a specific, actionable roadmap for protecting your operation:
H5N1 virus shows remarkable persistence in raw milk: Cornell researchers demonstrated it survives up to 8 weeks at bulk tank temperatures, creating extended risk windows throughout milk handling operations.
Cornell studies confirmed that standard pasteurization completely inactivates the virus, providing reassurance for properly heat-treated dairy products and conventional processing channels.
Alternative heat treatments (54°C for 10-15 minutes or 60°C for 5 seconds) effectively inactivate H5N1, Cornell scientists verified, providing accessible options even for operations without commercial pasteurization equipment.
The 60-day aging requirement for raw milk cheese is insufficient to eliminate H5N1, Cornell researchers calculated specific D-values proving this, though lower pH values (5.0) can rapidly inactivate the virus, offering potential intervention points in cheese-making procedures.
Worker safety demands renewed attention, with appropriate protective equipment and protocols for those handling raw milk or working with potentially infected animals during milking and treatment.
Have you implemented appropriate heat treatment for all raw milk on-farm, including waste milk fed to calves?
Are your worker protection protocols adequate, or are they the bare minimum required by your milk buyer?
If you produce raw milk products, have you validated your safety interventions against this new threat, or are you relying on outdated assumptions?
Have you established relationships with your veterinarian and cooperative field representative to stay ahead of emerging information about this evolving situation?
Our industry has always been defined by its resilience and ability to adapt to new challenges. The ones who’ll weather this storm best are those who acknowledge reality and implement evidence-based solutions quickly, rather than hoping this outbreak simply blows over.
The H5N1 outbreak isn’t just another dairy health challenge: it’s a wake-up call to modernize our approach to biosecurity, worker safety, and milk handling. The good news? The science gives us clear, effective tools to manage this threat. The only question is whether you’ll use them.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Vermont dairy makes history! It is the First New England state to be declared HPAI-free via 100% farm testing. Market advantage is secured through unprecedented surveillance.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Vermont became the first New England state declared “unaffected” by avian influenza (HPAI) after testing100% of its 411 Grade A dairy farms, backed by USDA funding. This rigorous approach, combined with a voluntary raw milk cheese testing program, provided bulletproof evidence of herd health, securing consumer trust and market advantages. Collaborative state-federal efforts and proactive surveillance set a new industry standard, demonstrating how exceeding baseline requirements can protect high-value dairy sectors. Vermont’s success highlights the economic and reputational benefits of aggressive disease management while emphasizing ongoing biosecurity to maintain status.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
100% Testing Wins: Vermont tested all 411 Grade A farms-no sampling errors, no guesswork.
Niche Market Protection: Voluntary weekly raw milk cheese testing safeguarded a $80M+ artisan sector.
Federal-State Synergy: USDA funding covered costs; Vermont’s execution created a replicable model.
Market Edge: “Unaffected” status boosts buyer confidence, prevents trade disruptions.
Vermont has blown past every other New England state in the fight against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), securing the coveted USDA “unaffected” status for dairy cattle, protecting their markets while others scramble. Their secret weapon wasn’t luck – it was testing EVERY SINGLE ONE of their 411 Grade A dairy farms, creating bulletproof evidence of HPAI-free status. Got milk? Vermont knows theirs is clean. Does your state?
Why Is Your State Still Sampling When Vermont’s 100% Testing Just Rewrote the Rulebook?
Think about that. While other states are making educated guesses about their HPAI status, Vermont created absolute certainty. No sampling error. No “probably clean” statements. Just rock-solid evidence: “411 farms tested, zero HPAI detections.” When markets are nervous and buyers are skittish about HPAI, which statement would you rather have backing your milk?
Here’s the kicker – federal dollars covered the entire testing program. Vermont’s dairy farmers didn’t pay a dime for this market-protecting gold standard surveillance. So, the question isn’t whether your state can afford this level of testing. The real question is: Why aren’t your ag officials fighting to secure the same federal resources Vermont did?
“This sampling program is a first-of-its-kind system built by a team of Vermonters who wanted to bring peace of mind and protection to our dairy farmers, food processors, and cheese makers,” said E.B. Flory, VAAFM’s Dairy Section Chief. But let’s translate that: Vermont recognized a threat to their dairy industry’s reputation and moved aggressively to neutralize it before markets could punish them.
Raw Deal or Real Protection? How Vermont’s Artisan Cheese Makers Got Ahead of the Curve
This is where Vermont shows they’re playing chess while other states are playing checkers. Beyond the mandatory testing, they created something revolutionary – a weekly sampling program specifically for raw milk cheese producers with 100% voluntary participation.
Why does this matter? Cornell University research shows the HPAI virus could potentially survive the traditional 60-day aging process in some raw milk cheese varieties. No pasteurization means no kill step for the virus. For artisan cheesemakers, a massive vulnerability could devastate their premium markets.
Instead of waiting for a disaster, Vermont created a first-in-the-nation weekly testing system to verify source milk is HPAI-free before it ever touches a cheese vat. Every single Vermont raw milk cheese maker voluntarily joined the program. Every. Single. One.
What’s your state doing for its specialty producers? Are they exposing your high-value artisans or giving them the tools to prove their products’ safety? Vermont’s cheese makers now have scientific proof backing their HPAI-free claims – a powerful market advantage your producers don’t have.
Game, Set, Match: How Vermont Beat Everyone to “Unaffected” Status
Vermont’s achievement didn’t happen by accident – it came from mastering the USDA’s National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS) faster and more thoroughly than competitors. The NMTS has five stages:
National Plant Silo Monitoring – Testing processor-level milk to identify potential hot spots
Determining State Status – States implement testing to identify affected herds or prove “unaffected” status
Detecting and Responding in Affected States – Control measures in affected herds
Demonstrating H5 Absence in Unaffected States – Continued surveillance to maintain “unaffected” status
Demonstrating H5 Freedom in U.S. Dairy Cattle – Nationwide freedom from HPAI
Vermont blazed through Stage 2 into Stage 4 by implementing surveillance, obliterating baseline requirements. While industry discussions suggested needing “four rounds of monthly testing” to achieve unaffected status, Vermont’s exhaustive approach created such compelling evidence that they secured the designation after their initial testing round.
The May 9, 2025, declaration making Vermont the first New England state with “unaffected” status wasn’t just a regulatory win – it’s a market protection shield that their neighbors don’t have.
Partnerships That Work: How Vermont Built the Model Others Should Copy
Vermont’s success exposes the weakness in how most states approach federal partnerships. The USDA provided the national strategy (NMTS), testing protocols, and funding that covered all testing costs. But Vermont didn’t just check compliance boxes.
VAAFM officials personally visited all 411 Grade A operations, generating farm-specific data that left zero room for doubt about Vermont’s status. This wasn’t busy work – it was strategic market protection at a scale most states haven’t even attempted.
Is your state ag department fighting as hard for your dairy industry? Or are they meeting minimum requirements while Vermont secures a significant competitive advantage?
The raw milk cheese program further proves Vermont officials understand something fundamental: different dairy sectors need tailored approaches. Rather than forcing a one-size-fits-all surveillance model, they created specialized testing that addressed the unique risks in this high-value segment.
THE BOTTOM LINE: STOP SETTLING FOR MINIMUM STANDARDS
Vermont just threw down the gauntlet to every dairy state in America. Their achievement delivers an uncomfortable truth: comprehensive surveillance isn’t just a regulatory burden – it’s a market opportunity most states are missing. Here’s what you should demand:
Stop Just Meeting Minimums: Vermont proved that exceeding federal baselines with 100% farm testing builds unparalleled market trust. Is your state settling for statistical sampling when bulletproof certainty is available? That’s leaving money on the table.
Target Your High-Value Assets: Got raw milk or other specialized products? Vermont showed how sector-specific, proactive testing programs can protect premium markets from HPAI fears. If your state doesn’t offer targeted surveillance, your specialty producers are unnecessarily vulnerable.
Leverage Federal Dollars for State Excellence: The Feds paid for Vermont’s top-tier program. This isn’t about state budgets; it’s about state leadership having the backbone to secure these resources for producers. Is your state’s ag department fighting as aggressively for federal resources?
Prepare for What’s Next: HPAI remains in wild bird populations and isn’t disappearing. Vermont’s “unaffected” status isn’t the finish line – it’s a competitive advantage requiring continued vigilance and biosecurity. The states that maintain the strongest surveillance will continue winning in the marketplace.
The gap between minimum compliance and market leadership has never been clearer. Vermont chose leadership. What’s your state’s excuse?
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 is spreading undetected in U.S. dairy herds-new research reveals why current controls are failing and what must change to protect your farm.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: A new modeling study published in Nature Communications shows the H5N1 avian influenza epidemic in U.S. dairy cattle is far more widespread than official reports indicate, with significant under-reporting across many states. The research, using a nationwide SEIR model, identifies Arizona, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Florida as future outbreak hotspots and warns that current mitigation measures-mainly limited pre-movement testing-are insufficient to control the epidemic, which is expected to continue through 2025. The study highlights the urgent need for increased testing and robust, farm-level biosecurity, especially since wild bird spillovers are not fully accounted for in current models. The findings have major implications for disease control, economic stability, and public health, underscoring the necessity of a coordinated One Health approach. Dairy professionals are urged to critically evaluate their current practices and prepare for a more challenging and persistent threat than previously recognized.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
H5N1 is likely far more prevalent in U.S. dairy herds than official numbers show, with major under-reporting in at least 10 states.
Current control measures, especially limited pre-movement testing, are insufficient to halt or reverse the epidemic.
Future outbreak hotspots include Arizona, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Florida, demanding urgent, enhanced surveillance and biosecurity.
Wild bird spillovers continue to introduce new viral strains, complicating control and requiring a dual focus on cattle and wildlife management.
A coordinated, One Health approach and significantly increased testing are essential to protect both the dairy industry and public health.
The dairy industry is facing a crisis far greater than official numbers suggest. A groundbreaking mathematical model published in Nature Communications reveals H5N1 avian influenza is silently spreading through U.S. dairy operations, with surveillance missing infections in at least 10 states. Current testing protocols are fundamentally inadequate, biosecurity measures are failing, and the consequences for animal health and your bottom line could be devastating without immediate action.
The Unseen Epidemic: What USDA Isn’t Telling You
When USDA officials quote figures of about 1,053 affected herds across 17 states, they share what they know – but not what’s happening. The revolutionary modeling study by Rawson et al. demonstrates what many progressive dairy producers have suspected all along: H5N1 has established a foothold far beyond what official testing has uncovered.
Here’s the hard truth – the traditional approach of waiting for clinical signs and testing only during outbreaks is as outdated as tie-stall barns in a robotic milking world.
The Rawson team’s sophisticated “stochastic metapopulation SEIR model” (think of it as a virtual dairy industry that simulates disease spread) makes one thing painfully clear. For 26 U.S. states, the model predicted outbreaks by December 2024, yet only 16 of these states had reported one. That 10-state gap represents potentially hundreds of infected herds operating without awareness of their H5N1 status, spreading the virus while missing the opportunity for early intervention.
Why is this happening? The answer lies in a perfect storm of:
Surveillance systems designed for visual detection miss subclinical cases
Financial disincentives that make producers hesitant to test voluntarily (would you risk a quarantine that could cost your 1,000-cow dairy $2.1 million over six months?)
State-by-state variations in testing resources and priorities
Testing protocols that fundamentally misunderstand the viral dynamics of H5N1
The comfortable fiction that H5N1 is a manageable, contained problem is costing us the opportunity to get ahead of this disease. And let’s be honest – the dairy industry has seen this movie before with Johne’s disease, tuberculosis, and even mastitis pathogens, where the absence of evidence was mistakenly interpreted as evidence of absence.
The Geography of Risk: Is Your Farm Next?
The model doesn’t just tell us where H5N1 is hiding – it predicts where it’s heading next. According to the simulations, most current H5N1 infections are concentrated along the West Coast, but four states face imminent risk:
Arizona is identified as ground zero for the next wave
Wisconsin – America’s Dairyland is poised for a significant outbreak
If you’re operating in these states, consider this your wake-up call. The virus isn’t “coming” – it’s likely already circulating in neighboring operations that supply your replacements or purchase your animals.
The model incorporates detailed cattle movement data from the U.S. Animal Movement Model (USAMM) and Interstate Certificates of Veterinary Inspection to track how the virus hitchhikes across regions. Think of this as mapping the same routes your cattle dealer follows when sourcing those springing heifers from five states away.
But here’s what should keep you up at night – the model doesn’t even account for wild bird introductions. The recent detection of a distinct H5N1 genotype (D1.1) in Arizona dairy cattle confirms that new spillover events from wild birds continue to occur independently of cattle-to-cattle transmission. That means even if we perfectly controlled cow-to-cow spread, we’d still face new infections from birds.
It’s like focusing your mastitis control solely on cow-to-cow transmission while ignoring environmental pathogens. You might block one route, but you’re still getting infections.
Current Mitigation: Rearranging Deck Chairs on the Titanic?
Let’s call it what it is – our current approach to controlling H5N1 is failing. The federal government’s primary strategy, pre-movement testing, involves screening up to 30 cows per herd before interstate movement.
How practical is this approach? According to the model, these interventions have prevented only 175.2 outbreaks out of thousands of potential infections. Even more damning, the researchers simulated what would happen if we tripled testing intensity to 100 cows per herd. The result? Only a slight reduction in outbreaks – nowhere near enough to turn the tide.
Consider this table that lays bare the fundamental flaws in our current approach:
Limitation
Explanation
Real-World Comparison
Sample Size Problem
Testing 30 cows in herds of 1,000+ misses’ infections
Like trying to find SCC problems by testing three cows in your 100-cow herd
Timing Challenge
Viral shedding peaks rapidly (1-2 days) with a short duration (~6 days)
Like trying to catch a heifer in heat with once-daily observation
Asymptomatic Carriers
Many infected cows show minimal symptoms
As deceptive as subclinical hypocalcemia – invisible but costly
Wild Bird Reservoir
Testing cattle ignores ongoing spillovers from birds
Like treating clinical mastitis while ignoring bedding management
Implementation Variability
States have wildly different compliance levels
As inconsistent as the SCC standards are across milk cooperatives
Will we stand by while regulators continue pushing interventions that their modeling shows are inadequate? The dairy industry deserves better than symbolic measures that create paperwork without results.
Economic Reality: The True Cost Beyond Bulk Tank Losses
Potential revenue loss during 6-month quarantine: $2.1 million
Average loss per infected cow: $950
Projected annual insurance premium increase: 22%
Mid-Sized Operations (200-999 cows)
Proportional losses of $420,000-$2.1 million during quarantine
Additional labor costs from 14% wage inflation for dairy workers
Biosecurity implementation costs: Often $30,000+ for equipment and facility modifications
Small Operations (Under 200 cows)
Proportionally higher per-cow impact due to fixed costs spread across fewer animals
Greater vulnerability to cash flow disruption
Limited capital for implementing comprehensive biosecurity measures
Infected cows typically experience around 20% decreases in milk production, equivalent to a moderate case of clinical mastitis, but spread across your entire string. A study of an infected Ohio herd estimated losses at approximately $950 per affected cow. This translated to a total loss of $737,500 for that operation during just the observation period.
California’s experience foretells what could happen nationwide. The state has seen milk output drop by 5.7% to 9.2% year-over-year in affected regions. Some analysts project that U.S. milk production could fall by as much as 15% in certain quarters if the outbreak continues unchecked, roughly equivalent to removing Wisconsin’s entire output from the national milk pool for three months.
Beyond lost milk, the cascading financial effects include:
Implementation costs for enhanced biosecurity – not budgeted in your current fiscal year
Labor inflation of 14% for dairy workers, when finding reliable milkers was already nearly impossible
Insurance premium spikes of 22% year-over-year – hitting cash flow at the worst possible time
Veterinary bills and treatment costs – draining resources that should be going toward genetic advancement and facility improvements
For consumers, dairy prices rose 7.7% year-over-year in January 2025, with projections suggesting potential milk price hikes of 8-10% through mid-2025 if outbreaks persist.
The harsh reality? These financial pressures will disproportionately crush smaller operations with limited financial reserves. If current trends continue, we’ll see the acceleration of dairy consolidation, much like how increasing environmental regulations in the 1990s and 2000s pushed many family operations to exit the industry.
CASE STUDY: Meadowlark Dairy’s H5N1 Battle
Meadowlark Dairy, a 776-cow Holstein operation in Ohio, detected its first H5N1 case in October 2024 after noting a 15% drop in bulk tank production over three days. The virus spread rapidly through the milking herd despite implementing immediate biosecurity protocols.
Key impacts:
32% of the herd was ultimately infected over a 45-day outbreak period
Production losses peaked at 22% below the pre-outbreak average
Total economic damage: $737,500 during the observation period
Recovery to pre-outbreak production took nearly 3 months
Post-outbreak costs included replacing 15 culled animals and implementing permanent enhanced biosecurity systems
“We thought we were prepared with our existing protocols,” the operation’s herdsman noted. “But this virus moved through the herd faster than anything we’ve seen before. The milk loss was just the beginning – the real costs came in the aftermath as we rebuilt our systems.”
Biosecurity 2.0: Getting Serious About Protection
If you still rely on boot baths and visitor logs as your primary biosecurity strategy, you might as well leave your barn doors open to H5N1. This virus demands a comprehensive approach that addresses its unique transmission routes.
1. Milk Parlor Management – Your Milking System Is Ground Zero
The evidence is clear: milking equipment is a primary H5N1 transmission route within herds. The virus binds to mammary tissue, producing high viral loads in milk.
Implement strict segregation of sick or suspect animals with dedicated milking equipment – treat them like your worst Staph aureus cows
Establish terminal milking order (healthy first, suspect animals last) – just as you would for clinical mastitis
Enhance sanitization protocols between animals – standard backflush systems aren’t adequate
Train staff to recognize subtle milk changes – strip cups become your early warning system
Increase equipment cleaning frequency – think hospital-grade protocols, not standard CIP cycles
A question that should make every dairy producer uncomfortable: Are you still treating your milking system like it’s just moving milk, rather than potentially spreading disease?
2. Bird-Proofing Your Operation
With multiple documented spillovers from wild birds, you can’t ignore this vector:
Modify structures to reduce bird access to feed storage – bird netting in open-sided commodity sheds is now essential, not optional
Cover feed bunks whenever possible – TMR tarps are an investment in biosecurity, not just rain protection
Deploy bird deterrent systems strategically, just as you protect your silage bunkers
Clean and sanitize areas with bird droppings immediately – treat them like visible manure on teats
Redesign feed storage to eliminate wild bird access – closed systems beat open piles every time
3. Strategic Testing Beyond Minimums
Don’t wait for symptoms or government mandates:
Implement weekly bulk tank milk monitoring – your most sensitive early detection system
Establish baseline health metrics to catch subtle production changes – use your DHI data proactively
Partner with your veterinarian on customized surveillance protocols – make H5N1 part of your VCPR discussion
Budget for testing as insurance – far cheaper than dealing with a clinical outbreak
Consider participating in the USDA’s Dairy Herd Status Program, like Johne’s certification programs
4. Movement and Introduction Protocols
Since pre-movement testing isn’t adequate alone:
Implement more extended quarantine periods for new arrivals (minimum 30 days) – treat them like new bulls entering an AI stud
Test animals during quarantine, not just before – catch what might have been incubating
Consider geographical risk when sourcing animals – know your dealer networks and source farms
Maintain closed herds where feasible – rely on genetics and sexed semen rather than purchases
Develop contingency plans for essential movements – have protocols ready before you need them
5. Staff and Visitor Management
People can inadvertently transport the virus between farms:
Establish clear zones on your operation, like the transition from parlor alleyway to milking pit
Provide dedicated clothing and footwear – sharing boots between farms is professional malpractice in 2025
Create decontamination protocols for essential visitors – your milk hauler, AI technician, and equipment repair people need specific guidance
Educate staff about H5N1 risks and symptoms – in multiple languages that reflect your workforce
6. Waste Management
Proper handling of potentially contaminated materials is crucial:
Never feed raw waste milk to calves – pasteurization is non-negotiable now
Pasteurize or heat-treat dairy wastes before disposal – treat it like you would hospital pen manure
Manage manure application to reduce wild bird attraction – watch for birds following your spreader
Develop protocols for the safe disposal of contaminated materials, like your antibiotic residue protocols
A Hard Question: Are We Making the Same Mistakes Again?
Here’s a reality check: our industry has historically underestimated disease threats and overestimated the effectiveness of voluntary measures. From Johne’s disease to leukosis, we’ve seen time and again that without systematic, enforced control protocols, endemic diseases become accepted as “part of doing business.”
Are we willing to let H5N1 follow the same path?
The dairy industry now faces a critical choice. Will we:
Continue with business as usual, hoping that minimal testing and basic biosecurity will somehow contain a virus that modeling shows is already escaping our detection?
Push for meaningful, science-based reforms that acknowledge the accurate scale of this threat and implement protocols commensurate with the risk?
Ask yourself: If the Rawson model is correct (and remember, it likely underestimates the problem by not accounting for wild bird reservoirs), how comfortable are you with your current H5N1 prevention strategy?
The uncomfortable truth is that many producers avoid testing because they don’t want to know the answer. However, “strategic ignorance” has never been a sound business strategy, particularly with a disease with significant economic and potential public health implications.
Contact your veterinarian this week to implement a strategic testing protocol for your operation, regardless of whether your state has reported cases.
Audit your milking procedures for disease transmission risk – the parlor is your highest risk environment.
Evaluate your feed storage and bird exclusion measures – preventing new introductions is as important as controlling existing infections.
Develop a financial contingency plan for potential production impacts – model scenarios with 10-20% milk loss.
Engage with state and federal officials to demand more transparent reporting and effective control measures than the current “test 30 cows” approach.
For too long, we’ve accepted the comfortable fiction that H5N1 is someone else’s problem or a manageable risk. The Rawson model strips away that illusion and challenges us to confront reality: this virus is likely already more widespread than we’ve admitted, and our current approach isn’t working.
The future of your dairy operation may depend on how quickly you accept this reality and act accordingly. Will you be among those who lead with proactive measures, or will you be forced to react when H5N1 inevitably appears in your bulk tank?
The choice – and the consequences – are yours.
The dairy industry has tackled significant disease challenges, from brucellosis to BVD, through coordinated action, science-based protocols, and producer determination. H5N1 demands that same level of unified commitment, but with even greater urgency. The time for half-measures and wishful thinking has passed.
References
USDA APHIS. (2025, May 9). H5N1 in U.S. Dairy Cattle – Official Outbreak Statistics.
Rawson, T., et al. (2025). A mathematical model of H5N1 influenza transmission in U.S. dairy cattle. Nature Communications, 16, 4308.
National Milk Producers Federation. (2025, April). Economic Impact Assessment: H5N1 in U.S. Dairy Operations.
USDA APHIS. (2025, February). Detection of H5N1 Genotype D1.1 in Arizona Dairy Cattle.
USDA. (2025). Biosecurity Recommendations for H5N1 in Dairy Operations.
Characterization, health, productivity, and economic effects of highly pathogenic avian influenza hemagglutinin type 5 and neuraminidase type 1 outbreak in dairy cattle. (2025, April 1).
The One Health challenges and opportunities of the H5N1 outbreak in dairy cattle in the United States. (2025, April 1).
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 hit 1000+ herds! Is your biosecurity a paper tiger? FARM Program leads dairy’s real defense. Are you on board or next in line?
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The H5N1 outbreak has devastated over 1,000 U.S. dairy herds, exposing the inadequacy of conventional biosecurity and highlighting the emergence of multiple viral genotypes. Amidst this crisis, the National Dairy FARM Program’s Biosecurity area has become a crucial leader, offering practical, science-backed resources, innovative hands-on training, and fostering vital collaborations. While challenges like viral evolution and vaccine development persist, FARM’s proactive approach, emphasizing rigorous implementation over mere compliance, provides a vital framework for herd protection. The article urges dairy producers to abandon complacency, adopt enhanced biosecurity measures promoted by FARM, and recognize that proactive defense is not just a regulatory hurdle but essential for operational survival against current and future disease threats. This isn’t just about weathering this storm; it’s about fundamentally transforming how the industry prepares for and responds to relentless pathogenic pressures.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
H5N1 is an Evolving, Multi-Front Threat: With over 1,000 herds affected and multiple viral genotypes (B3.13 and D1.1) introduced from wild birds, H5N1 demands a dynamic, not static, biosecurity response.
FARM Biosecurity Leads with Actionable Solutions: Moving beyond “checklist biosecurity,” FARM provides crucial, practical resources, innovative in-person training, and fosters essential collaborations, proving more effective than traditional approaches.
Proactive, Rigorous Biosecurity is Non-Negotiable: The significant economic losses (nearly $1,000/cow per outbreak) underscore that robust, consistently implemented biosecurity is an economic necessity, not an option.
Vaccines Are Not a Silver Bullet: While development is underway, vaccines will complement, not replace, the urgent need for comprehensive, on-farm biosecurity measures that must be implemented now.
Challenge Complacency & Embrace Resilience: The article calls for a paradigm shift from reactive measures to building sustained, adaptive disease resilience through programs like FARM Biosecurity to protect against H5N1 and future threats.
H5N1 has decimated over 1,000 dairy herds across 17 states, exposing the fatal flaw in how most operations approach disease prevention. While government agencies scramble and vaccines remain a distant hope, one program has emerged as dairy’s most effective shield – and what they’re doing differently could determine whether your operation survives the next inevitable disease crisis.
The numbers don’t lie. From that first confirmed case in Texas last March to today, H5N1 has blitzed through America’s dairy regions with terrifying efficiency. As of May 7, 2025, a staggering 1,052 herds across 17 states have been infected, with California bearing the brunt – 759 affected operations by early April, forcing the state to declare an emergency in December 2024.
What makes this outbreak unprecedented isn’t just its scale – it’s the fact that we’re fighting multiple viral invasions simultaneously. When dairy cattle in Nevada tested positive for H5N1 genotype D1.1 in January 2025, it wasn’t just the original virus spreading; it was an entirely new introduction from wild birds. While most of the industry was obsessing over containment, nature launched a second attack.
But amid this chaos, one organization has consistently outpaced industry and government response with practical, science-backed solutions that work on real farms. The National Dairy FARM Program’s Biosecurity area has transformed from a compliance-driven checklist program into our industry’s front-line defense against a pathogen costing affected operations nearly $1,000 per clinically infected cow.
Are you still treating biosecurity like just another regulatory hoop to jump through? The 1,052 infected herds demonstrate the devastating price of that mindset.
Let’s dissect why FARM Biosecurity succeeded where others failed, what tools and approaches they’ve pioneered that most farms still aren’t using, and why their protection model should fundamentally change how you approach disease prevention – before the next pathogen targets your bottom line.
THE VIRAL AMBUSH NOBODY SAW COMING
Remember when H5N1 was just a poultry problem? Those days ended abruptly in March 2024 when the first confirmed case hit a Texas dairy herd. But here’s the disturbing reality most industry publications won’t tell you: genetic analysis suggests the virus likely jumped from wild birds to cattle months earlier, between October 2023 and January 2024. We were being infiltrated before anyone realized what was happening.
By early April 2025, the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) had reported detections in 1,000 dairy herds. Today, that number stands at 1,052 affected herds across 17 states. California has been hit hardest, with 759 affected herds by early April 2025 – a crisis so severe that the state declared an emergency in December 2024.
But here’s what makes this outbreak different: We’re not dealing with just one introduction. The initial cases involved a strain called genotype B3.13, but in January 2025, Nevada dairy cattle tested positive for a different variant – genotype D1.1. This wasn’t just the original virus spreading; it was an entirely new introduction from wild birds.
“This finding is critical because D1.1 had been the predominant strain circulating in migratory birds during winter 2024-2025,” explains Dr. Emily Waite, veterinary epidemiologist. “It fundamentally changes our understanding of the threat. We’re not containing a single outbreak – we’re facing ongoing risk of new introductions as long as H5N1 circulates in wild bird populations.”
Let that sink in: This isn’t a one-time crisis – it’s our new reality. Wild birds carrying multiple H5N1 genotypes will continue flying over your farm. The virus that devastated California’s dairy industry has already proven its ability to jump species barriers repeatedly. Are you prepared for this persistent threat, or hope it won’t reach your operation?
WHY CONVENTIONAL BIOSECURITY FAILED AGAINST H5N1
Let’s be brutally honest – traditional farm biosecurity approaches were utterly inadequate against this threat. The proof? Over a thousand herds despite massive government intervention. Most operations treated biosecurity as a checklist exercise – a binder on a shelf, dusted off only during audits and inspections. H5N1 exposed that paper-thin defense for what it was: a dangerous illusion of protection.
What made FARM Biosecurity different? First, its existing two-tiered structure proved remarkably prescient. While most operations focused on basic “Everyday Biosecurity” measures, FARM had already developed an “Enhanced Biosecurity” framework aligned with the Secure Milk Supply Plan for Continuity of Business.
“Most biosecurity programs start from scratch when a new threat emerges,” dairy consultant Mark Reynolds notes. “FARM already had the architecture to scale up protection measures rapidly. They didn’t need to build the airplane while flying it.”
This pre-existing framework allowed FARM to pivot quickly, adapting established principles to address H5N1’s specific challenges. Their approach wasn’t just theoretical – it was built on practical, implementable steps developed with input from farmers, cooperatives, academic experts, and government officials through the FARM Biosecurity Task Force.
The results speak for themselves. Since March 2024, more than 20,000 users have visited the FARM Biosecurity webpage, accessing critical resources including fillable templates, biosecurity signage, and specialized training. The program has released five new H5N1-specific resources, including materials in both English and Spanish to ensure broader reach.
But here’s the uncomfortable reality most won’t discuss: Successful biosecurity isn’t about checking boxes or having the right documents. It’s about consistent, rigorous implementation – something many operations still struggle with despite the existential threat H5N1 represents. Is your farm still prioritizing convenience over comprehensive protection? How many infection-risk compromises happen during your daily operation?
BEYOND PAPERWORK: REAL-WORLD TRAINING THAT WORKS
Here’s where FARM Biosecurity truly separated itself from the pack – and where most operations still fall dangerously short. Recognizing that written materials alone wouldn’t solve the crisis, they fundamentally rethought how training happens in our industry.
On April 30-May 1, 2025, they held their first in-person enhanced biosecurity training. Instead of another mind-numbing webinar where participants passively absorb information, this intensive two-day event put FARM program evaluators on a working dairy farm to witness firsthand implementation of enhanced biosecurity plans.
Why does this matter to you? Because these evaluators work directly with hundreds of farms across the country. By training them thoroughly, FARM created a multiplier effect, building capacity for improved implementation across the entire industry.
“Seeing a plan in action on a real dairy makes all the difference,” explains James Hanson, who participated in the training. “You can read about biosecurity for days, but watching how milk trucks are handled, how visitors are managed, and how cattle movement is controlled in a real-world setting changes your entire perspective.”
The training received crucial support through a cooperative agreement with USDA’s National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program (NADPRP), showing how industry-government collaboration can bolster preparedness. And they’re not stopping – a second in-person training is already planned for 2026.
This approach fundamentally challenges our industry’s typical “webinar and hope” strategy for implementing critical protocols. Ask yourself: How many biosecurity webinars has your team sat through? Now, how many fundamental protocol violations happen on your farm each week? The gap between knowledge and consistent implementation is where disease outbreaks thrive – and it’s precisely this gap that FARM’s hands-on approach is designed to close.
THE PRICE OF PROTECTION: FOLLOWING THE MONEY
When Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins announced an additional $1 billion for H5N1 efforts earlier this year, it sent a clear message: this threat demands extraordinary resources. But where is that money going, and what does it mean for your operation?
Here’s the breakdown:
$500 million for improving on-farm biosecurity measures
$400 million for financial relief to affected producers
$100 million for research and development of vaccines and interventions
This substantial federal investment underscores just how seriously government officials view this threat. But it also creates tangible opportunities for proactive producers.
USDA offers financial assistance to help dairy producers invest in biosecurity planning and implementation. This isn’t just about compensation after infection – it’s about preventing outbreaks in the first place. Smart operators are leveraging these resources to upgrade their biosecurity infrastructure, rather than waiting for disaster to strike.
Additionally, USDA covers costs associated with shipping samples to National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) laboratories for H5N1 testing (up to $50 per shipment, two shipments per month per premises) and provides the testing at no cost for samples related to outbreak investigation.
But here’s what’s not being said clearly enough: Access to these resources requires knowledge and action – resources many operations still haven’t tapped into. Are you proactively pursuing every dollar to strengthen your farm‘s defenses, or leave money on the table while your operation remains vulnerable? Farms working with FARM Biosecurity have a distinct advantage in navigating these opportunities, as the program actively connects producers with available support while providing the technical guidance needed to implement effective measures.
H5N1 VS. YOUR BOTTOM LINE: THE BRUTAL ECONOMICS OF OUTBREAKS
Let’s talk dollars and cents, not hypotheticals. While pasteurization has largely protected retail milk prices from major disruptions, the financial impact on individual affected farms has been devastating.
An early study analyzing an outbreak in an Ohio herd estimated H5N1-related economic losses at approximately $950 per clinically affected cow, primarily due to lost milk production over 60 days. The total cost during the observation period reached a staggering $737,500 for that single operation.
These aren’t just numbers – they represent the difference between survival and failure for many operations.
The economic damage occurs through multiple channels:
Reduced milk production from infected animals (around 20% loss according to veterinarians)
Milk that can’t be marketed due to abnormal consistency
Labor costs associated with managing sick animals
Treatment expenses for supportive care
Mortality losses (though relatively low at around 2%)
While the USDA has implemented compensation programs for some of these losses, they rarely cover the full financial impact. This harsh reality reinforces a critical truth: prevention through robust biosecurity remains far more economical than managing an active outbreak.
Ask yourself this question: Can your operation absorb a sudden $700,000+ hit? Because that’s precisely what happened to farms that failed to establish practical biosecurity barriers. Farms that have implemented enhanced biosecurity measures with guidance from FARM aren’t just protecting their animals – they’re protecting their financial future. With continued circulation of H5N1 in wild bird populations and the emergence of new genotypes, the threat isn’t disappearing anytime soon.
THE VACCINE QUESTION: PROMISE, POTENTIAL, AND DANGEROUS COMPLACENCY
If you’re hoping vaccines will solve everything, it’s time for a reality check. While H5N1 vaccines for dairy cattle are under active development, they represent just one piece of a much larger biosecurity puzzle – relying on them exclusively would be a catastrophic mistake.
As of late 2024, two vaccine candidates for dairy cows were reportedly undergoing field trials. Progress continues, supported by both government agencies and industry groups. In February 2025, the leaders of NMPF, the International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA), United Egg Producers (UEP), and the National Turkey Federation (NTF) sent a joint letter to Agriculture Secretary Rollins urging the USDA to complete necessary safety and efficacy trials for vaccines.
But vaccines face significant hurdles:
Efficacy challenges – Ensuring protection against multiple H5N1 genotypes
Economic considerations – Cost-effectiveness for producers
Logistical complexities – Administration of large dairy herds
Trade implications – Potential impact on international markets
Even under the most optimistic scenarios, effective vaccines are only part of the solution. The dynamic nature of H5N1, demonstrated by the emergence of distinct genotypes like D1.1, necessitates a multi-faceted approach combining surveillance, biosecurity, and potentially vaccination.
“Vaccines will likely be a valuable tool, but they’re not a silver bullet,” cautions Dr. Martin Chen, immunology specialist. “The virus is constantly evolving, and relying solely on vaccination would be dangerous complacency. Robust biosecurity must remain our foundation.”
This reality reinforces the value of FARM Biosecurity’s comprehensive approach. By providing tools across the spectrum of prevention, detection, and containment, the program equips producers to navigate the evolving landscape of H5N1 risk with science-based strategies tailored to their operations.
Still think you can wait for a vaccine to solve everything. The hard truth is that when effective vaccines are widely available, hundreds more farms may be devastated. And even then, vaccines alone won’t eliminate the need for comprehensive biosecurity. The farms that survive this crisis will be those implementing robust protection now, not those waiting for a technological silver bullet.
THE POWER OF PARTNERSHIP: WHY COLLABORATION CHANGES EVERYTHING
One of the most underappreciated aspects of FARM Biosecurity’s success has been its collaborative model. Rather than operating in isolation, the program has fostered powerful partnerships that multiply its effectiveness – a model every farm and cooperative should emulate.
This multi-faceted approach combines:
Industry platform (FARM) – Providing the framework and direct producer connection
Federal support (USDA) – Contributing regulatory expertise and financial resources
Industry leadership (NMPF) – Ensuring alignment with broader industry priorities
The H5N1 technical committee exemplifies this approach, bringing together dairy producers, veterinarians, and state and federal partners to guide the development of targeted tools like the bulk tank sampling logistics guide released in January 2025.
This 16-page document, “Bulk Tank Milk Sample Logistics for H5N1 Testing,” solved a critical operational bottleneck in the national surveillance effort by providing state regulatory officials with practical considerations and recommendations for using Grade A bulk tank milk samples in testing programs.
Similarly, NMPF and FARM held a joint webinar on February 4, 2025, providing dairy farmers and stakeholders with essential updates on USDA’s milk testing strategy, the latest research about the virus’s impact and transmission, and available resources.
“The dairy industry’s response to H5N1 demonstrates what’s possible when we put aside individual interests and work toward common goals,” observes industry analyst Sarah Mitchell. “The collaboration between FARM, NMPF, USDA, and technical experts created a response far more effective than any single entity could have achieved alone.”
This collaborative ethos offers a model for addressing future animal health challenges. How connected is your operation to these networks of expertise? Are you leveraging the industry’s collective knowledge, or trying to reinvent biosecurity protocols in isolation? By tapping into diverse expertise, resources, and perspectives, innovative farms build resilience against emerging threats in ways that isolated efforts simply cannot match.
BEYOND H5N1: BUILDING LASTING RESILIENCE
While H5N1 continues to demand our immediate attention, this crisis presents an opportunity to fundamentally strengthen our industry’s approach to biosecurity and disease management.
The capabilities and systems built now through programs like FARM Biosecurity represent crucial investments in long-term agricultural resilience. As climate change and habitat disruption increase the likelihood of new zoonotic disease spillovers, the infrastructure we develop today will determine our ability to respond tomorrow.
Let me be crystal clear: H5N1 is not an isolated event. It’s a warning shot. Climate disruption and habitat loss create ideal conditions for more pathogens to jump. The dairy farms that will survive the next decade aren’t just responding to today’s crisis – they’re building adaptive disease resistance into their operational DNA.
Here’s what forward-thinking producers should consider:
Evaluate your current biosecurity through a new lens – Does your approach account for novel, unexpected threats or known diseases? Are you still using outdated assumptions about disease transmission that H5N1 has already proven wrong?
Invest in staff training beyond compliance – Are your employees truly empowered to implement and adapt biosecurity protocols, or just going through motions? Does everyone understand the why behind each protocol, or just the what?
Develop relationships with experts now – Do you have connections with veterinarians, extension specialists, and industry leaders who can guide you during crises? When disease strikes, those relationships become invaluable.
Participate in surveillance and research efforts – Are you contributing to the knowledge base that will help the entire industry respond more effectively? Progressive operations know that shared knowledge means shared protection.
Advocate for continued investment – Are you supporting industry efforts to maintain funding and attention for biosecurity even after this current crisis subsides? The window for transformative investment won’t stay open forever.
The farms that thrive in tomorrow’s uncertain landscape won’t just be those with the most resources – they’ll be operations that build adaptability and continuous learning into their DNA.
THE BOTTOM LINE: ACTION ITEMS FOR YOUR FARM TODAY
H5N1 in dairy cattle has forever changed how we think about biosecurity. While FARM Biosecurity has proven to be an essential leader in this fight, the ultimate responsibility lies with individual producers implementing robust protections on their farms.
Stop waiting. Start acting. Here are five concrete steps you must take right now:
Access FARM Biosecurity resources immediately – Visit their website today to download templates, signage, and training materials designed explicitly for H5N1 protection. Every day of delay increases your risk.
Schedule a biosecurity assessment this week – Work with your veterinarian or FARM evaluator to identify vulnerabilities in your current protocols. Be prepared to hear uncomfortable truths about current practices.
Implement enhanced measures around wild birds – Given the ongoing risk of new introductions from the avian reservoir, prioritize protocols that minimize potential contact. This isn’t optional – it’s essential.
Train every employee comprehensively – Ensure everyone understands what to do and why these measures matter. A protocol followed inconsistently might as well not exist.
Prepare financially – Establish contingency funds and familiarize yourself with available support programs if an outbreak affects your operation. Hope for the best but prepare for the worst.
The emergence of H5N1 in U.S. dairy cattle represents a watershed moment for our industry. It demands we elevate our approach to biosecurity from a checkbox exercise to a fundamental operational priority. FARM Biosecurity has provided the leadership, resources, and framework to make this possible, but implementation ultimately happens farm by farm, cow by cow.
Those who refuse to transform their approach to biosecurity aren’t just risking their operations – they’re endangering the entire industry. The farms that rise to this challenge won’t just protect themselves against H5N1 – they’ll build operations inherently more resilient to whatever comes next. And in today’s increasingly unpredictable world, that resilience may be our industry’s most valuable asset.
What will you choose? The comfort of old habits that leave you vulnerable, or the challenge of building true resilience. The clock is ticking, and H5N1 doesn’t care about your good intentions – only your actual practices.
Learn more:
H5N1 Crisis One Year Later: What Dairy Farmers Need to Know This article provides a one-year retrospective on the H5N1 crisis, detailing economic losses, biosecurity measures, and reinforcing the science of pasteurization, which directly aligns with the timeline and economic impacts discussed.
Bird Flu and Milk: The Unshakeable Science Protecting Your Bulk Tank This piece delves deeper into the science of milk safety, pasteurization’s effectiveness against H5N1, and the risks associated with raw milk-a critical aspect of managing the H5N1 outbreak and consumer confidence.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Vaccine race intensifies as HPAI devastates dairies: Elanco’s shot nears approval while nasal sprays challenge old protocols. Can science outpace the virus?
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The U.S. dairy industry faces an existential threat from HPAI H5N1, with over 1,000 herds infected since March 2024 causing 20% milk loss and zoonotic risks. Elanco and Medgene lead the vaccine race with a platform-based candidate nearing conditional approval, while Zoetis and Merck leverage poultry expertise. Revolutionary nasal sprays and mRNA tech promise faster adaptation but face practical hurdles. Critical challenges include DIVA-compliant diagnostics for global trade acceptance and cold-chain logistics for novel vaccines. With conditional approvals likely in 2025, producers must balance biosecurity vigilance with prep for complex vaccination economics.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
$20K/day losses per 1,000-cow herd demand urgent solutions as HPAI slashes milk output
Elanco/Medgene’s platform vaccine leads with 10M-dose capacity; Zoetis/Merck poultry-tested tech close behind
Nasal sprays face udder reality check – respiratory immunity may not protect milk-producing mammary glands
Conditional licenses accelerate access but require producer trust in “reasonable efficacy” standards
DIVA or disaster – without trade-accepted infection/vaccine differentiation, exports face billion-dollar bans
While regulators and multinational corporations debate protocols, your herd remains at risk. The race to develop effective HPAI vaccines for dairy cattle isn’t just a scientific challenge – it’s an urgent battle that will determine the future of your operation. The emerging technologies and regulatory hurdles will reshape how we approach disease control forever, but are decision-makers moving fast enough to save your bottom line?
WHY THIS VACCINE RACE MATTERS TO YOUR OPERATION RIGHT NOW
Let’s cut through the noise – HPAI is unlike anything we’ve faced before. Since March 2024, this virus has torn through over 1,000 dairy herds across 17 states, slashing milk production by 20% in infected operations and sending feed conversion ratios into the gutter. While the industry plays defense with biosecurity measures, the stark reality is these tactics alone haven’t stopped the spread.
Here’s what you need to understand: this isn’t just another respiratory bug – it’s a mammary gland assassin that hits your cattle where it hurts most – milk production. The virus goes straight for the udder, not primarily the lungs. Traditional biosecurity thinking falls short because the transmission dynamics don’t match our usual playbook.
Wisconsin dairy farmer Chad Bell put it perfectly: “It’s a full-time job tending to livestock during normal challenges. Tractors don’t start; skid steers can’t maneuver the drifts and freezing cold results in gelled-up diesels.” Now add managing a highly contagious disease outbreak and tell me how you’re supposed to stay afloat with a 20% production drop.
But here’s what the suits aren’t telling you plainly: the rush for a vaccine isn’t just about saving your herd – it’s about preventing a potential human pandemic. With over 60 human cases already reported from exposure to infected cattle, the public health establishment is rightfully terrified. While the CDC keeps saying the risk to the public is “low,” every dairy professional knows what they’re really worried about – the longer this virus circulates in mammals, the more chances it must mutate into something that spreads between humans.
So, what does this mean for you? Simple – you’re caught in the crossfire between corporate profit motives, regulatory caution, and genuine scientific challenges. The question isn’t whether we need vaccines – it’s whether the right ones will reach your operation in time to matter.
THE PLAYERS: WHO’S ACTUALLY DELIVERING AND WHO’S JUST TALKING
The race for an effective HPAI vaccine has drawn competitors from every corner of animal health. But let’s be honest – not all players are equally committed or capable. Here’s the unfiltered truth about who’s delivering results:
Elanco-Medgene: First Mover Advantage or Rushed Science?
The Elanco-Medgene partnership currently leads the pack, with their candidate reportedly in “final stages of conditional license approval.” Medgene CEO Mark Luecke confidently states they’ve met all USDA requirements and have manufacturing ready to roll. What gives them the edge? They’re leveraging a previously approved platform technology – essentially a vaccine “template” the USDA has already green-lit for cattle use.
This regulatory shortcut is precisely why they’re ahead of the competition. But here’s what I’m concerned about – is speed coming at the expense of comprehensive efficacy? Elanco’s Tim Bettington acknowledges that “one dose does not provide complete control, which is why a two-dose protocol is recommended.” This raises serious questions about real-world protection in commercial settings where second doses often get delayed or missed entirely.
Their initial manufacturing capacity is 10 million doses annually – substantial but not enough to vaccinate the entire U.S. dairy herd twice yearly. How will they prioritize distribution when demand inevitably outstrips supply? And with the vaccine requiring two doses per year, the economics get tricky fast.
University of Maryland’s Nasal Approach: Revolutionary or Impractical?
The University of Maryland and USDA Agricultural Research Service are pursuing what might be the most innovative approach – a nasal spray vaccine adapted from human COVID-19 technology. They secured a $648,881 grant in April 2025 to develop this needle-free alternative.
The theory sounds compelling – block the virus at its entry point and reduce transmission risk. Researcher Xiaoping Zhu argues, “Preventing the initial infection and spread of H5N1 in cows means reducing exposure to the virus for other mammals, dairy workers, and the general public.”
But here’s what everyone’s tiptoeing around: If the primary infection site is the mammary gland, not the respiratory tract, will a nasal vaccine protect what matters most? It’s a classic case of academic innovation potentially missing the practical realities of how this disease behaves in commercial dairy settings.
And let’s be realistic about implementation – have you ever tried administering nasal sprays to hundreds of full-grown dairy cows in a production environment? The elegant science might collapse under the practical challenges of consistent delivery and dose control.
Zoetis: Experience or Complacency?
Zoetis brings unparalleled experience with avian influenza vaccines, currently holding conditional licenses for H5N1 and H5N2 killed virus vaccines for poultry. They began developing a cattle-specific vaccine in spring 2024.
But here’s what needs addressing: Despite their head start in understanding HPAI, Zoetis appears to be playing catch-up in the cattle race. They don’t currently have a conditional license for using any existing poultry vaccines in cattle, despite common industry misconceptions. In February 2025, Zoetis did receive a conditional license from the USDA for its “Avian Influenza Vaccine, H5N2 Subtype, Killed Virus” – but this is specifically labeled for use in chickens, not cattle.
Their poultry vaccine experience is both an advantage and a potential liability – are they simply retrofitting poultry approaches for cattle, or truly developing bovine-specific solutions that address the unique mammary tropism of HPAI in dairy cows?
The Cutting-Edge Contenders: Genvax’s mRNA Gamble
Iowa-based Genvax Technologies represents the bleeding edge of vaccine technology with their self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) platform. This approach could potentially enable rapid updates to match viral evolution – critical for a pathogen as mutation-prone as influenza.
The Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research (FFAR) recently invested in Genvax’s technology with a 8,163 grant to develop an H5N1 vaccine for dairy cows. What makes their approach unique? Think of saRNA like a self-copying instruction manual – it not only tells cells how to make protective proteins, but it makes multiple copies of these instructions, potentially requiring much smaller doses than traditional vaccines.
But here’s the reality check: mRNA technology remains unproven in large-scale livestock vaccination programs. Questions about cold-chain requirements, stability in farm environments, and production costs remain significant hurdles. Is cutting-edge science always better medicine for your herd?
THE TECHNOLOGY SHOWDOWN: WHICH APPROACH WILL ACTUALLY WORK?
Let’s cut through the marketing hype and examine what these different technologies offer your operation:
Injectable Vaccines: The Devil We Know
Most HPAI vaccine candidates use traditional injection routes, but with vastly different underlying technologies:
mRNA/saRNA Vaccines: These deliver genetic instructions for your cow’s cells to produce specific viral antigens. They offer lightning-fast development and adaptability to variants but face real-world challenges with stability and cold storage. You’ve heard the buzz about mRNA from human COVID vaccines, but are your facilities ready to handle vaccines that might require specialized refrigeration? Many operations lack the infrastructure for maintaining strict cold chains.
Killed Virus Vaccines: The traditional approach uses chemically inactivated whole virus. It’s proven and familiar but typically requires multiple doses and boosters. Zoetis uses this approach for its poultry vaccines. The upside? Your veterinarians and staff already know how to handle and administer them. The downside? These vaccines can’t be updated quickly if the virus mutates significantly.
Subunit Vaccines: These contain only specific parts of the virus, like the H5 protein. Medgene’s platform likely falls here. They generally have excellent safety profiles but may require strong adjuvants and multiple doses to stimulate adequate immunity. The advantage? They’re likely cheaper to produce at scale.
Nasal Innovation: Promising Theory vs. Practical Reality
The UMD/USDA nasal vaccine aims to create a mucosal immune barrier in the upper respiratory tract. In theory, this provides front-line defense against infection by blocking the virus from establishing a foothold.
But I need to ask the question no one seems willing to address: How will immunity in the nose protect the udder? Given that HPAI primarily affects the mammary gland in cattle, respiratory protection alone might not translate to economic protection for your operation.
The nasal approach does offer compelling advantages – needle-free administration reduces labor, eliminates injection site issues, and potentially reduces stress on animals. But unless the developers can demonstrate clear mammary protection, these benefits might remain academic rather than practical.
REGULATORY GAMES: READING BETWEEN THE LINES
The USDA’s Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) controls which vaccines reach your farm and when. Understanding their processes reveals how politics and science are colliding in this race:
Conditional Licensure: The Fast Track with Fine Print
For urgent situations like HPAI, the CVB offers conditional licensure – an expedited pathway requiring demonstration of safety and purity, but only a “reasonable expectation of efficacy” rather than conclusive proof. This typically means antibody responses in lab tests rather than real protection from disease.
Here’s what this means for you: The first wave of HPAI vaccines will likely reach farms with less efficacy data than vaccines you typically use. Conditional licenses last just one year (renewable at CVB’s discretion), reflecting the temporary, emergency nature of this approval.
Is this a troubling compromise or necessary flexibility? The answer depends on how transparent manufacturers are about what their vaccines can achieve in real-world conditions.
Platform Technology: The Regulatory Hack That’s Changing Everything
Perhaps the most significant regulatory innovation enabling rapid vaccine development is the CVB’s acceptance of platform technology licensing. Once a core vaccine technology is pre-approved, subsequent vaccines using that platform but targeting different diseases benefit from faster review.
This is exactly how Medgene gained its leading position – their underlying platform was already USDA-approved for cattle, allowing them to fast-track their HPAI vaccine. Genvax is attempting the same approach with their saRNA platform.
While this approach accelerates availability, it raises important questions: Does a platform approved for one disease necessarily translate to effective protection against a novel pathogen with unique characteristics? The regulators seem to think so, but the jury is still out.
THE UNCOMFORTABLE TRUTH: THE DIVA DILEMMA
Let’s address the elephant in the barn – even after vaccines receive approval, one massive hurdle remains that could make or break their practical utility: the DIVA capability.
DIVA stands for “Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals,” and it’s critical for international trade. Without reliable DIVA testing, countries importing U.S. dairy products could reject everything from a vaccinating region, unable to distinguish if positive tests come from natural infection (high risk) or vaccination (low risk).
This isn’t just a technical footnote – it’s potentially a multi-billion-dollar trade barrier that could devastate the industry if not addressed properly. The hard truth is that many countries have historically banned imports from regions that vaccinate against highly contagious diseases precisely because of this differentiation challenge.
Elanco’s Tim Bettington acknowledges this reality: “In the past, concerns about trade and exports created reluctance to vaccinate.” He points to France’s success with HPAI vaccination as a positive example, but glosses over the complex trade negotiations required to maintain market access.
The uncomfortable question every dairy producer needs to ask: Will vaccinating my herd protect me from disease but destroy my access to international markets? Until regulatory agencies worldwide align on acceptable DIVA standards, this question will hang over every vaccination decision.
MYTHS VS. FACTS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HPAI VACCINATION
Let’s cut through the noise with some straight talk about what’s real and what’s not when it comes to HPAI vaccines for dairy cattle:
MYTH: Vaccines won’t work because H5N1 is primarily an avian disease FACT: Research from VIDO (Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization) has shown that dairy cows can develop natural immunity after initial exposure to H5N1, strongly suggesting vaccines would be highly effective. “This discovery is a great indication that a vaccine will be effective which has significant implications for how we approach HPAI outbreaks in dairy cattle,” said Dr. Antonio Facciuolo, study co-lead researcher.
MYTH: A one-size-fits-all approach will work for all herds FACT: Different vaccine technologies offer different advantages. The Elanco-Medgene vaccine requires two doses per year for full protection, while other approaches like Genvax’s saRNA technology might offer different immunization profiles.
MYTH: Once vaccinated, we can stop biosecurity measures FACT: Vaccination will be one tool in a comprehensive approach. Even vaccinated herds will need to maintain rigorous biosecurity. As demonstrated in Colorado and Mississippi, which achieved “disease absence” status, regular testing and strict protocols remain essential even after the threat appears controlled.
MYTH: The vaccines are completely experimental and untested FACT: While the specific HPAI cattle vaccines are new, many use established platforms. The USDA previously approved Medgene’s vaccine platform technology in cattle, meaning the basic technology has already passed safety reviews.
MYTH: Vaccinated cows might spread H5N1 to humans FACT: The non-replicating vaccines being developed cannot cause disease or shedding. As the USDA has confirmed through its approvals for field trials, these vaccines pose no risk to other animals or humans.
PRODUCTION ECONOMICS: WILL THE NUMBERS WORK FOR YOUR OPERATION?
The business case for vaccination isn’t straightforward and depends heavily on your specific operation’s risk profile and economics:
The Vaccination Value Equation
For a 1,000-cow dairy experiencing HPAI, the math is sobering: A 20% production drop across the herd could mean losing thousands of dollars daily in milk revenue. Add in discarded milk from infected cows, veterinary costs, and potential culling, and the economic toll becomes devastating.
A two-dose annual vaccine protocol for 1,000 cows plus administration costs must deliver value against this potential loss. But unlike predictable diseases with established patterns, HPAI’s risk varies dramatically by region, season, and management practices, making the ROI calculation highly farm specific.
Supply Chain Reality Check
Manufacturing sufficient doses for the entire U.S. dairy herd presents significant challenges. Medgene claims readiness with “existing vaccine manufacturing supply ready to deploy with the ability to support the U.S. dairy herd”, but history tells us scaling up production for novel vaccines inevitably faces bottlenecks.
Cold chain requirements present another hurdle, especially for mRNA technologies that have traditionally required ultra-cold storage. Can your operation maintain proper storage conditions for these more advanced vaccine platforms? This practical question could determine which technology ultimately dominates, regardless of theoretical efficacy differences.
DAIRY FARMER PREPARATION CHECKLIST: WHAT TO DO BEFORE VACCINES ARRIVE
Don’t wait for vaccines to hit the market before preparing your operation. Here’s what progressive dairy producers should be doing right now:
✓ Weekly Bulk Tank Testing: Implement regular testing through your state’s program or the USDA’s National Milk Testing Strategy. Mississippi achieved disease-free status by testing every farm weekly.
✓ Map Your Decision Timeline: Establish clear criteria for when you’ll adopt vaccination based on regional spread, proximity of outbreaks, and your operation’s risk tolerance.
✓ Prepare Your Cold Chain: Evaluate your medication refrigeration capacity and protocols. Some vaccines-especially mRNA formulations-may require stricter temperature control than you currently maintain.
✓ Review Export Exposure: If you sell animals, genetics, or dairy products internationally, consult with your cooperative or processor about how vaccination might affect market access.
✓ Create a Biosecurity Audit: Document your current practices and identify gaps, particularly around milking equipment sanitation, given the mammary gland tropism of this virus.
✓ Train Your Team: Develop protocols for potential vaccine administration, including tracking systems for ensuring animals receive all required doses.
✓ Connect with Your State Veterinarian: Many state agriculture secretaries are already expressing interest in vaccination programs. Establishing this relationship now could give you early access to programs.
✓ Join Surveillance Programs: Enroll in the Dairy Herd Status Pilot Program if available in your region to facilitate safer animal movement and earlier detection.
THE BOTTOM LINE: WHAT SMART PRODUCERS SHOULD DO NOW
The race to develop HPAI vaccines for dairy cattle is accelerating, with the Medgene/Elanco candidate potentially receiving conditional approval soon, though Elanco’s Tim Bettington acknowledges that “a definitive timeline for approval has not yet been set”. So, what should you, as a progressive dairy producer, do right now?
First, recognize that vaccines will be a tool, not a silver bullet. Biosecurity remains your first line of defense and will continue to be critical even after vaccines become available. Are your protocols being followed consistently, or just written in a binder gathering dust? Now is the time for honest self-assessment.
Second, start conversations with your veterinarian about how vaccination might fit into your specific operation. The risk profiles, economics, and implementation strategies will vary tremendously between different farming models and regions. Your vet should be preparing now for these potential additions to your herd health program.
Third, get involved in the policy conversation. Industry associations need to hear from actual producers about concerns regarding DIVA capabilities and potential trade implications. The decisions being made now about regulatory frameworks will impact your livelihood for years to come.
Finally, demand transparency from vaccine manufacturers. As these products approach market, insist on clear communication about efficacy expectations, duration of immunity, and potential limitations. The conditional licensing process means these vaccines will reach farms with less complete data than typical products – understanding these knowledge gaps is essential for making informed decisions.
Is the industry moving fast enough on HPAI vaccines? Probably not. Are the technologies perfect? Definitely not. But will having imperfect tools be better than the current situation? Almost certainly yes.
The uncomfortable reality is that HPAI is likely here to stay in the dairy industry. The question isn’t whether we’ll need vaccines, but whether we’ll deploy them strategically and with clear understanding of their capabilities and limitations. The producers who thrive through this challenge will be those who cut through the hype, understand the science, and make decisions based on their specific operational realities rather than fear or industry groupthink.
What’s your HPAI strategy beyond hoping it doesn’t hit your herd? The time to develop one is now, not when the virus arrives at your doorstep or when vaccines become available. Your bottom line depends on it.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Idaho’s H5N1 crisis hits 86 herds-milk production plummets. Learn how dairy giants are battling this viral threat.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Idaho’s dairy industry faces an unprecedented H5N1 avian influenza outbreak, with 86 herds infected since March 2024. The virus, concentrated in the state’s south-central dairy belt, spreads via contaminated equipment, cow-to-cow contact, and farmworker movement, slashing milk yields by up to 40% in affected herds. While pasteurized milk remains safe, raw milk poses serious risks, and infected farms face losses averaging 0 per cow. Federal and state agencies are deploying quarantines, biosecurity mandates, and financial aid, but asymptomatic transmission and lax PPE adoption threaten long-term containment.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Idaho’s Hotspot Status: 86 herds quarantined in 4 counties, driven by dense farm networks and shared equipment.
Transmission Triggers: Milking parlors are ground zero-virus survives 1+ hours on surfaces, with 25% of farms reusing manure/feed tools.
Economic Blow: $950/cow losses over 60 days; state milk production dropped 3% initially.
Safety Split: Pasteurization neutralizes H5N1, but raw milk risks zoonotic spread-linked to cat deaths on 50% of farms.
Response Gaps: Voluntary testing and optional PPE in Idaho vs. proactive measures in states like Washington.
Idaho’s dairy farmers are battling a perfect storm as H5N1 avian influenza rips through the state’s herds, with 86 confirmed cases since March 2024, making it ground zero in the nationwide outbreak. The virus has targeted Idaho’s powerhouse dairy region, where officials quarantined 59 herds across Gooding, Jerome, Twin Falls, and Cassia counties. For the nation’s third-largest milk-producing state with over 350 family-owned operations, this outbreak isn’t just threatening milk checks – it’s forcing a fundamental rethink of how we protect our herds, workers, and milk supply.
This isn’t your granddaddy’s cattle disease. H5N1 spreads like gossip at the county fair – through contaminated milking equipment, cow-to-cow contact, workers moving between farms, and cattle shipments. Research confirms this virus clings to milking units like a tick to a hound dog, surviving on surfaces for over an hour.
When this bug hits your herd, it leaves a calling card you can’t miss milk production drops faster than feed prices during a drought, while the milk itself turns thick as molasses – yellowish-brown and colostrum-like. Cows lose their appetite, manure consistency changes, and sometimes spike a low-grade fever.
Idaho’s Dairy Empire Takes a Punch
The financial bruising hits producers where it hurts most – right in the bulk tank. While early estimates from the American Association of Bovine Practitioners suggested costs of $100-200 per infected cow, real-world studies paint a much bleaker picture. A detailed Cornell study documented losses reaching $950 per clinically affected cow over 60 days, translating to potential losses of up to $200,000 for a 1,000-cow operation.
“We lost 40% of our tank overnight,” says Jerome County dairyman J.D. Holt. “Now I eye every milk filter like it’s a biohazard. Even with production bouncing back, this virus has changed how we think about basic operations we’ve done the same way for decades.”
The cruel irony? The factors that powered Idaho’s dairy boom – concentrated production regions, mega-operations, and integrated supply chains – created perfect highways for spreading this virus. Have you noticed how Gooding and Jerome counties became ground zero? When your neighbors are just down the road, and you’re all using the same milk trucks, veterinarians, and feed suppliers, one farm’s problem becomes everyone’s nightmare faster than you can say “biosecurity breach.”
Transmission Highways Need New Traffic Cops
The milking parlor has emerged as viral ground zero – where this disease hitchhikes from cow to cow. With virus-packed milk flowing through equipment that touches multiple cows, you might as well be running a disease distribution system alongside your milk harvesting operation. Isn’t it time we rethink basic milking protocols?
The biosecurity holes on affected farms would make Swiss cheese jealous. Over half the operations using shared livestock transport admitted they barely clean between loads. Workers bounce between farms like pinballs, tracking who-knows-what on their boots and clothes. Even worse, more than 25% of affected dairies used the same manure and feed-handling equipment. That’s like using your dinner fork to clean the toilet – then eating without washing it.
Farm cats became unexpected sentinels, with over 50% of farms reporting cats falling sick or dying after drinking contaminated raw milk. These feline forecasters often sounded the alarm before cow symptoms appeared. But how many of us watch our mousers as carefully as we monitor our milk components?
Idaho’s Response: Ready or Reactive?
The Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA) leads the charge, slapping immediate quarantine on infected operations to prevent animal movement. Within these locked-down facilities, officials require separating sick cows from the healthy herd – a common-sense approach that’s easier ordered than implemented on busy commercial dairies.
ISDA isn’t just suggesting better biosecurity – they’re practically begging for it. Their recommendations include watching your herd like a hawk, isolating new arrivals for 3-4 weeks, and being pickier than a banker at loan renewal time when purchasing new stock. They’ve even rolled out an online “H5N1 Livestock Screen” tool for suspected cases. But are enough producers using these resources?
Idaho’s approach works within federal guidelines, including April 2024’s Federal Order requiring negative H5N1 testing before interstate movement and December’s National Milk Testing Strategy. Here’s the catch, though – testing asymptomatic cattle within Idaho remains voluntary mainly. Doesn’t this create a massive blind spot when we know these silent carriers exist?
Your Milk Is Safe – Unless You’re Drinking It Raw
Public health officials keep hammering home that pasteurized milk remains perfectly safe. This protection rests on two shields: producers divert milk from visibly sick cows away from the food supply, and pasteurization neutralizes any H5N1 virus faster than a calf bucket empties on a cold morning.
FDA testing backs this up – they found zero live viruses in hundreds of pasteurized retail dairy products despite detecting viral fragments in about 20% of samples from outbreak areas. This confirms what we’ve known since Pasteur’s day – proper heat treatment kills pathogens.
Raw milk consumers face an entirely different story. Health authorities warn against consuming unpasteurized milk during this outbreak with unusual urgency. High concentrations of infectious H5N1 lurk in raw milk from infected cows – an invisible threat demonstrated by cats dying after drinking the same milk. With researchers documenting that pH adjustments alone don’t reliably neutralize this virus, why gamble with your family’s health when the stakes include a deadly zoonotic pathogen?
Workers Face Frontline Risks
The CDC rates the risk to the public as low, but if you’re working hands-on with dairy cows, you’re playing a different game. Since April 2024, officials confirmed 70 human cases of influenza A(H5) virus infection nationwide, with 41 directly tied to dairy exposure.
The silver lining? Human cases from dairy exposure have generally been mild – mostly pink eye or minor respiratory symptoms. No human-to-human transmission has emerged yet. But isn’t that exactly how every pandemic thriller starts – with “mild” symptoms before the virus adapts?
Health agencies recommend workers suit up with gloves, eye protection, respirators, coveralls, and disinfectable boots. Interestingly, Idaho treats PPE use as optional and “available upon request,” while states like Washington and Colorado push it aggressively. Shouldn’t worker protection be non-negotiable when handling milk that can sicken humans?
Financial Lifelines You Need to Know About
USDA throws struggling producers a critical lifeline through the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees, and Farm-raised Fish Program (ELAP), paying for milk production losses due to H5N1. They calculate payments based on your estimated period of production shortfall.
“The ELAP program saved our operation,” confirms Lisa Martin, whose Twin Falls dairy lost 22% of production during their outbreak. “Nobody tells you how the paperwork feels like a second job – start documenting everything the minute you suspect something’s wrong.”
Money’s also available for 120 days of enhanced biosecurity costs after confirmation – covering PPE, disinfectants, barriers, vet consultation, cleaning equipment, waste milk treatment, and sample shipping. Have you explored these programs, or are you leaving federal dollars on the table?
Free diagnostic testing comes through the National Animal Health Laboratory Network and National Veterinary Services Laboratories, covering samples for investigating clinical signs, mandatory pre-movement testing, voluntary monitoring, and testing potentially exposed animals. When was the last time Uncle Sam offered this much free testing to dairy farmers?
Building Your Dairy’s Defense System
Long-term industry survival demands more than just reactive measures. We need standardized protocols for personnel movement that work in the real world, not just biosecurity fantasies written by people who’ve never milked cows during a blizzard. We need practical equipment cleaning systems (especially for those milking systems) and realistic plans for handling contaminated materials.
Researchers aim to understand better transmission pathways, viral, environmental persistence, and potential vaccines. Meanwhile, genomic surveillance teams track viral evolution to catch new variants jumping from wild birds – because this disease keeps throwing new curveballs.
The bottom line: Idaho’s dairy industry faces a watershed moment that demands an evolution in how we approach disease control. While H5N1 hasn’t created a cow mortality crisis, the economic sucker punch from lost production and the looming threat of future outbreaks means adaptation isn’t optional – it’s survival. By implementing enhanced biosecurity, tapping available support resources, and staying vigilant, Idaho’s dairy producers can weather this storm and build stronger defenses for whatever comes next. After all, isn’t adapting to challenges what separates successful dairies from those auction flyers you see stapled to the feed store bulletin board?
H5N1 Crisis Hits 1000 U.S. Dairy Herds Unpacks the surge past 1,000 infected herds, the emergence of new viral strains, raw milk risks, and why urgent action is needed to safeguard U.S. dairies.
Join the Revolution!
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 ravages 1,000+ U.S. dairy herds as Canada stays virus-free. Raw milk risks, $400M losses, and why biosecurity gaps are fueling the crisis.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The H5N1 avian flu has infected over 1,000 U.S. dairy herds across 18 states since March 2024, with California losing 9.2% of milk production ($400M) in 2024 alone. The virus spreads via contaminated raw milk, equipment, and personnel, with 41 human cases linked to dairy exposure. Despite aggressive testing and movement restrictions, biosecurity failures-like shared vehicles and lax sanitation-drive transmission. Canada’s rigorous surveillance and protocols have kept its dairy herds virus-free, highlighting preventable gaps. Federal agencies confirm pasteurized dairy and cooked beef remain safe, but the outbreak underscores the urgent need for industry-wide biosecurity reforms.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Milk = main transmitter: Infected cows shed high viral loads in raw milk, driving herd-to-herd spread.
Biosecurity breakdowns: 62% of Michigan farms shared uncleaned vehicles; movement of sick cattle worsened outbreaks.
$400M milk loss: California’s production plummeted to 20-year lows, with national costs still rising.
Human risk: 41 mild dairy worker cases (mostly eye infections) but no human-to-human spread.
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has now infected 1,034 U.S. livestock premises across 18 states, primarily devastating dairy operations while making concerning jumps to swine and alpacas. As of April 28, 2025, the virus continues its relentless spread through America’s dairy sector, with California bearing the brunt of a staggering 765 affected herds. Meanwhile, Canadian dairy cattle remain virus-free despite extensive surveillance, starkly contrasting North American animal health status just one year after the outbreak began.
The unprecedented mammalian outbreak, which first emerged in Texas dairy cattle in March 2024, has transformed from isolated cases into a full-blown crisis threatening the economic viability of affected operations. Federal authorities have implemented aggressive testing and movement restrictions, but biosecurity failures continue driving transmission through contaminated milk, shared equipment, and personnel movement between farms.
For dairy producers, the key message is clear. This virus isn’t going away anytime soon, and protecting your operation requires rigorous, consistent biosecurity practices that many farms have failed to implement correctly.
California Dairy Crisis Goes from Bad to Worse
California’s massive dairy industry has been devastated by this outbreak, with nearly 70% of the state’s dairy operations affected. Other heavily impacted states include Idaho (65 infected herds), Colorado (64), Michigan (31), and Texas (27).
The virus responsible is primarily H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.13, which originated in wild birds before making the unprecedented jump to cattle. A second viral genotype (D1.1) was detected in Nevada and Arizona herds in early 2025, indicating the virus continues to evolve within its new mammalian hosts.
What started as a mystery illness in Texas dairy herds quickly morphed into a national crisis. The first official H5N1 detection came on March 25, 2024, when USDA confirmed cases in Texas. By early April 2024, the virus had leaped to 12 operations across five states.
The Evolving Federal Response
The regulatory response has evolved as the situation deteriorated:
April 29, 2024: First Federal Order implemented mandatory testing for interstate movement of lactating dairy cattle
October 2024: First H5N1 detection in swine confirmed in an Oregon backyard farm
November 2024: USDA expanded to bulk tank testing to contain the spread
December 2024: A new federal order required mandatory nationwide raw milk testing
January 2025: A second viral genotype (D1.1) detected alongside the original strain
The National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS) now provides systematic surveillance through bulk tank sampling, helping detect new cases early and track the outbreak’s evolution. Since April 2024, U.S. laboratories have performed over 204,300 PCR tests for H5N1 in livestock samples from all 48 contiguous states.
What Infected Cows Look Like
Unlike in poultry, where H5N1 is often fatal, infected dairy cows typically show milder symptoms. The most obvious sign is a sudden drop in milk production, with affected cows producing thick, discolored, or colostrum-like milk or stopping lactation completely.
Other symptoms include reduced feed consumption, lethargy, dehydration, fever, and abnormal feces described as tacky or loose. Respiratory signs may occur but aren’t usually prominent.
Most infected cows recover with supportive care. Mortality and culling rates directly attributed to H5N1 infection have remained relatively low, averaging 2% or less in affected herds, but the economic damage from production losses can be substantial.
Any object, person, or animal coming into contact with contaminated raw milk can spread the virus. The practice of feeding untreated waste milk to calves or farm cats has been directly linked to infections in these animals, cats often suffering severe neurological symptoms and death.
Indirect transmission via fomites (contaminated objects) and personnel represents another significant risk. The virus spreads through shared equipment like milk trucks, feed vehicles, and manure handling equipment, especially when not adequately cleaned between farm visits.
Biosecurity Failures Drive Continued Spread
Investigations on affected farms have revealed alarming gaps between recommended biosecurity practices and actual implementation. Approximately 62% of affected Michigan farms reported sharing vehicles between operations without proper cleaning.
Personnel frequently moved between locations without changing clothing or disinfecting footwear. Some farms continued moving cattle even after clinical signs appeared, helping the virus jump state lines.
Environmental contamination also plays a role. Infected cattle shed the virus in feces, leading to contamination of manure slurry and wastewater that can spread the virus if not properly treated before land application.
Breaking Transmission: What Works
Enhanced biosecurity remains the most effective tool for preventing H5N1 introduction and spread. USDA offers financial assistance for implementing improved measures, but compliance has been inconsistent.
Critical biosecurity steps include:
Limiting farm access to essential personnel only
Requiring clean, dedicated clothing and footwear for anyone entering animal areas
Never feeding raw milk or colostrum to calves or other animals
Treating all waste milk through pasteurization or acidification before disposal
Minimizing cattle movements and isolating new arrivals for 30 days
Thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting shared equipment
Farms that have successfully implemented these measures have demonstrated significantly lower risk of infection, even when located in heavily affected regions.
Movement Restrictions and Testing Requirements
Under federal orders, lactating dairy cows must test negative for H5N1 via PCR on individual milk samples within 7 days before crossing state lines.
Animals that test positive for H5N1 cannot move interstate for 30 days following the positive test date. Affected premises are placed under state quarantine until they complete disease response protocols.
The USDA also strongly recommends minimizing non-essential movements of cattle whenever possible. Specific guidance for livestock exhibitions includes documenting farm origins, isolation protocols for sick animals, and post-event quarantine for returning animals.
Human Health: Farm Worker Infections Climbing
The CDC has confirmed 70 human cases of H5 influenza since the broader outbreaks began, with 41 explicitly linked to dairy cow exposure. Most cases in farm workers have been mild, often involving conjunctivitis (eye infection), though severe illness has occurred rarely.
The first case of likely cow-to-human transmission occurred in a Texas dairy worker in late March 2024. Most dairy-related human cases were reported from California (36), Michigan (2), Colorado (1), Nevada (1), and Texas (1).
No human-to-human transmission has been detected, and CDC assesses the risk to the general public as low. However, farm workers, veterinarians, and others with direct animal contact face moderate-to-high risk and should use appropriate PPE, including eye protection and N95 respirators.
What About My Food?
Pasteurization effectively inactivates the H5N1 virus. Extensive FDA testing of 464 retail pasteurized dairy products found no viable virus in any sample, confirming that properly processed dairy products remain safe.
While sensitive PCR testing detected fragments of viral RNA in some pasteurized samples, additional testing confirmed no infectious virus was present. This distinction between detecting viral fragments and actual live virus required careful public communication.
USDA expresses confidence in the safety of the meat supply. Their inspection process removes visibly sick animals from the food chain, and cooking effectively kills the virus. Testing of retail ground beef found no viral particles.
The Canadian Contrast: Zero Cases
In stark contrast to the American situation, no cases of HPAI H5N1 have been detected in Canadian dairy cattle as of late April 2025, despite active monitoring by Animal Health Canada and its partners.
As of April 2, 2025, Canadian Food Inspection Agency laboratories tested 2,954 samples of raw milk from processing plants across all Canadian provinces, with every sample testing negative.
This difference highlights how wild bird migration patterns, cross-border controls, industry structures, and biosecurity practices influence disease emergence and spread. Canadian authorities continue surveillance efforts despite having no confirmed cases.
The Bottom Line
The H5N1 outbreak represents an unprecedented challenge for the U.S. dairy industry. Controlling it requires a multi-pronged approach: implementing strict biosecurity, maintaining robust surveillance, researching transmission dynamics, and developing effective vaccines.
Field trials for candidate H5N1 vaccines were underway in early 2025, potentially adding another tool to the control arsenal and understanding the whole picture- including subclinical infections and environmental persistence- which requires further investigation.
For U.S. dairy producers, this crisis demands uncompromising attention to biosecurity protocols that many farms have failed to implement correctly. For Canadian producers, maintaining protection means staying vigilant despite the current absence of cases. This virus has fundamentally changed dairy farm management across North America, with consequences that will likely be felt for years.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Texas A&M’s $3M CDC-funded study investigates H5N1 risks in dairy workers using on-farm ‘shoe leather’ tactics.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The CDC has allocated $3 million to Texas A&M researchers studying H5N1 bird flu exposure among Texas dairy workers through direct on-farm testing and interviews. Using “shoe leather epidemiology,” the team collects blood samples and work practice data while maintaining strict confidentiality to ensure accurate participation. This groundbreaking research identifies transmission risks and develops targeted safety protocols, combining expertise in public health, veterinary medicine, and occupational safety. Findings will inform protective measures for workers and strategies to safeguard national milk production. The study exemplifies a “One Health” approach, addressing interconnected human and animal health challenges in agriculture.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Active on-farm surveillance uncovers hidden H5N1 risks through blood tests and worker interviews.
Multidisciplinary team combines epidemiology, veterinary science, and occupational safety expertise.
Strict confidentiality protocols ensure participant trust and accurate data collection.
Findings aim to protect both worker health and national dairy production stability.
Research models “One Health” approach bridging animal/human disease prevention.
A team of Texas A&M researchers has launched an unprecedented investigation into H5N1 avian influenza exposure among dairy farm workers across the state. The $3 million CDC-funded study comes in direct response to America’s first-ever case of bird flu transmission from dairy cattle to a human, reported in Texas last April.
“There is very little information about how many people have been affected by H5N1 and who they are,” explains Dr. Jason Moats, emergency preparedness specialist on the research team. “Our goals are to identify the scope of exposure and understand the workplace factors involved so we can reduce transmission.”
Boots on the Ground Approach
Unlike traditional disease monitoring that relies on hospital reports, this research takes testing directly to farms. The team collects blood samples and nasal swabs from workers while conducting confidential interviews about their work practices.
“To encounter a disease and determine how to stop it, we have to load up all of our stuff and go to the people affected,” says Dr. Rebecca Fischer, infectious disease epidemiologist with Texas A&M. “We have longstanding relationships with dairy farmers, and they know they can trust us even in the most sensitive situations.”
This approach, called “shoe leather epidemiology,” allows researchers to detect cases that might otherwise go unreported, especially among workers who may not seek medical care for mild symptoms.
Farm Worker Privacy Protected
The research prioritizes complete confidentiality to encourage participation. No names, birthdates, or identifying information are collected, and findings are only reported in aggregate form that can’t identify specific farms.
“Our research is completely anonymous,” Fischer emphasizes. “We don’t take photos or ever talk to anyone about any aspect of what we do. That takes the fear out of being tested and helps ensure that our data are accurate and complete.”
This protection extends to farms as well. The team understands that positive H5N1 cases could create unwanted publicity or market concerns for dairy operations.
Elite Team Brings Diverse Expertise
Leading the investigation is Dr. David Douphrate, who brings over 20 years of experience in dairy farm worker safety. “Our School of Public Health is part of the largest land-grant institution in the nation,” he notes. “We are uniquely positioned to address agricultural health and safety issues, especially given our long track record of working within the dairy industry.”
The multidisciplinary team includes specialists in animal health, human epidemiology, occupational safety, and biostatistics. Dr. Loni Taylor brings dual expertise as both an epidemiologist and large animal veterinarian, providing crucial perspective on disease transmission at the human-animal interface.
External collaborators include Dr. Robert Hagevoort from New Mexico State University and Dr. Matthew Nonnenmann from the University of Nebraska Medical Center.
From Detection to Protection
When the team identifies H5N1 in workers, they don’t just collect data-they take action. Individuals with active infections are connected with healthcare services, while participating farms receive guidance on preventing further spread.
By analyzing which job tasks and practices are associated with transmission, researchers can develop targeted prevention strategies to protect the agricultural workforce. This might include specific recommendations on protective equipment, handling protocols, or environmental modifications.
“We are working with people who are largely ignored but who help make day-to-day life possible in this country,” notes Fischer, highlighting the essential yet often overlooked role of dairy workers.
National Food Security at Stake
The study’s implications extend far beyond individual farms. Douphrate frames the research as a matter of national security, quoting a former U.S. president’s warning that “a nation which cannot provide for itself through agriculture production is a nation at risk due to a reliance on external food sources.”
“Our nation’s ability to produce healthy foods is dependent on a healthy agricultural workforce,” he adds. This perspective elevates the work from a niche health concern to a critical component of America’s food system resilience.
Understanding the Risk
Since H5N1 first jumped from birds to dairy cattle in March 2024, the virus has created unprecedented challenges for the industry. The Texas case in April marked what CDC officials believe was the first documented transmission from birds to cattle to humans.
While the CDC currently assesses the risk to the general public as low, dairy workers face unique exposure through daily, close contact with animals during milking, feeding, and care activities.
Of the 70 human H5N1 cases reported globally since the virus emerged, four have been directly linked to sick dairy cows. The ongoing Texas A&M study will help determine if undetected cases exist among the workforce.
What This Means for Your Operation
For dairy producers, this research offers valuable insights without operational disruption or regulatory burden. Participation is entirely voluntary, with researchers working around farm schedules and maintaining strict confidentiality.
The knowledge gained could help farms implement targeted prevention measures before problems arise, potentially avoiding costly outbreaks that impact both worker health and herd productivity.
As results emerge over the coming year, The Bullvine will provide updates on practical recommendations for protecting your workforce and operation from this evolving threat.
“This is about protecting the people who sustain our food system,” concludes Douphrate. “By understanding how this virus spreads on dairy farms, we can develop practical safeguards that work in real-world conditions.”
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
16 States, 500+ Herds, 70 Human Cases: The Clock’s Ticking—Acidify or Die
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: UC Davis researchers have discovered that acidifying raw milk to a pH of 4.1-4.2 using ordinary citric acid completely inactivates the H5N1 avian influenza virus after 6 hours of treatment. This groundbreaking finding offers dairy farmers, notably the 97% of small and medium operations that don’t pasteurize waste milk, an affordable and accessible method to neutralize a dangerous pathogen detected in dairy herds across multiple states since March 2024. Unlike expensive pasteurization equipment costing $5,000-$25,000, this simple acidification technique requires minimal investment (under $100) and no specialized equipment yet effectively addresses a critical biosecurity vulnerability in the milk production chain. The research represents the first published evidence that milk acidification can inactivate H5N1, specifically within milk from naturally infected animals, potentially preventing transmission to calves, farm workers, and other susceptible species.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Simple Solution to a Complex Problem: Acidifying raw milk to pH 4.1-4.2 with citric acid completely inactivates the H5N1 virus after 6 hours, with pH 4.4 being less consistently effective
Cost-Effective Alternative to Pasteurization: Implementation requires only $10-$100 for pH testing supplies versus $5,000-$25,000 for pasteurization equipment, making it accessible to farms of all sizes
Addresses a Critical Biosecurity Gap: With fewer than half of large operations and only 1-3% of small/medium farms pasteurizing waste milk, acidification offers protection against a virus that can persist in refrigerated milk for up to four weeks
Beyond H5N1: Acidified milk may provide additional benefits, including reduced bacterial growth, lower incidence of calf diarrhea, and improved digestion, making it valuable even beyond the current outbreak
Practical Implementation: The technique works at ambient farm temperatures without specialized equipment or energy inputs and can be integrated into existing waste milk handling practices
In an industry constantly bombarded with expensive solutions to complex problems, UC Davis researchers have discovered something revolutionary in its simplicity: common citric acid may be your best weapon against the H5N1 threat lurking in waste milk. This game-changing finding could transform how dairy operations of all sizes handle one of their most overlooked biosecurity vulnerabilities.
While government agencies and industry experts have been laser-focused on pasteurization as the gold standard for H5N1 inactivation in milk, the uncomfortable truth is that fewer than half of large dairy operations and a mere fraction of small and medium farms pasteurize their waste milk. This creates a dangerous blind spot in our industry’s biosecurity protocols that could cost us dearly.
But what if the solution doesn’t require expensive equipment or complicated procedures? What if it’s as simple as adding citric acid to achieve a specific pH level and waiting six hours?
Let’s dive into the science, the implications, and why this might be the most important biosecurity measure you haven’t implemented yet.
The H5N1 Crisis: Bigger Than You’ve Been Told
Since March 2024, when HPAI H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4.b) was first detected in dairy cattle in Texas and Kansas, the industry has grappled with an unprecedented challenge. This marked the first confirmed instance of this virus subtype causing widespread outbreaks in cattle, with subsequent spread to multiple states across the country.
The virus’s affinity for mammary tissue makes this situation particularly alarming. Infected cows may shed astronomical viral loads in their milk—up to 10⁹ TCID₅₀ (tissue culture infectious dose) per milliliter in experimentally infected animals. To put that in perspective, we’re talking about potentially a trillion virus particles per milliliter of milk—enough viral load to make a bulk tank look like a biological hazard zone.
The clinical signs in affected animals often include reduced milk production, low appetite, and apparent systemic illness. But here’s the kicker: even after clinical signs resolve, cows can continue shedding the virus in milk for extended periods. It’s like having a cow that’s gone through a bout of clinical mastitis but continues to pump out high SCC milk long after treatment—except, in this case, she’s pumping out a dangerous pathogen.
Even more concerning is the virus’s remarkable persistence in refrigerated raw milk. Studies have shown that H5N1 can remain infectious in milk stored at 4°C for four weeks. This means that contaminated waste milk sitting in your refrigerator could remain a transmission risk for a month or more—about the same time it takes for that forgotten container of leftovers to start growing something unidentifiable in the back of your fridge.
The Waste Milk Problem No One Wants to Talk About
Let’s address the elephant in the milking parlor: waste milk management is a significant biosecurity gap on most dairy farms.
According to USDA data, only 43.8% of large dairy operations (500+ cows) pasteurize waste milk before feeding it to calves. This percentage plummets for medium operations (100-499 cows) at just 3% and small operations (fewer than 100 cows) at a mere 1%.
This waste milk—including colostrum, milk from fresh cows, transition milk, milk from cows undergoing antibiotic treatment, or milk otherwise deemed unsuitable for the commercial food supply—could be harboring dangerous levels of the H5N1 virus if it comes from infected animals.
When this untreated waste milk is fed to calves or handled by farm workers, it creates a perfect pathway for viral transmission. It’s like intentionally feeding your replacement heifers a pathogen cocktail or asking your employees to handle biohazardous material without proper protection. And let’s not forget the documented cases of severe, often fatal H5N1 infections in farm cats that consumed raw milk from infected cows—nature’s sentinel species giving us a clear warning.
The industry has known about this vulnerability for years, but the solutions offered have typically involved expensive pasteurization equipment that’s simply not feasible for many operations, particularly smaller ones. This has left a dangerous gap in our biosecurity protocols, and the H5N1 outbreak has brought it into sharp focus.
Why are we still treating waste milk like it’s 1950? Isn’t it time we acknowledged that our current practices are risking our herds?
Forget Pasteurizers: Citric Acid Just Made Biosecurity Dirt Cheap
Enter the University of California, Davis researchers, who decided to tackle this problem from a different angle. Their groundbreaking study, published in the Journal of Dairy Science in January 2025, investigated whether simple acidification could effectively inactivate H5N1 in raw whole milk.
The research team, led by veterinary epidemiologist Richard Van Vleck Pereira and Beate Crossley, Craig Miramontes, Daniel Rejmanek, and Rodrigo Gallardo, conducted a series of carefully designed experiments to test this hypothesis.
Their approach was methodical and safety-conscious. Initial trials used Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) H6N2 as a surrogate for the more dangerous H5N1, allowing for preliminary work in a biosafety level 2 laboratory environment. After observing promising results with the surrogate virus, they advanced to the critical test: using milk containing high loads of H5N1 obtained directly from actively infected cows.
The results were nothing short of remarkable. Acidifying raw milk to a pH between 4.1 and 4.2 using citric acid resulted in complete inactivation of the surrogate LPAI H6N2 and the target HPAI H5N1 virus after 6 hours of treatment.
Let that sink in: a simple, low-cost treatment effectively neutralized one of the most concerning pathogens currently threatening the dairy industry. It’s like discovering that the baking soda in your kitchen can prevent ketosis in your fresh cows—sometimes, the simplest solutions are right under our noses.
Why This Matters to YOUR Operation
You might wonder why this matters if you’re running a large dairy operation that already pasteurizes waste milk. And suppose you’re managing a small or medium-sized farm without pasteurization equipment. In that case, you might be skeptical about yet another biosecurity recommendation that seems disconnected from the practical realities of your operation.
But here’s why every dairy farmer should be paying attention to this breakthrough:
For Large Operations:
Pasteurization equipment requires significant capital investment and ongoing maintenance. You need a backup plan when your pasteurizer breaks down during calving season.
Equipment failures or downtime can create biosecurity gaps—much like when your TMR mixer breaks down, and you’re scrambling to feed your high groups.
Acidification could serve as a backup method during equipment maintenance or outages.
The simplicity of the process means it can be implemented consistently across multiple locations, whether running a 5,000-cow dairy or managing several smaller facilities.
For Medium and Small Operations:
It provides an affordable, accessible alternative to pasteurization equipment—there is no need to drop $20,000 on equipment you can’t justify in your budget.
Requires minimal investment in equipment or infrastructure—about as much as you’d spend on a good set of hoof trimmers.
It can be implemented immediately without waiting for capital budget approval.
Scales easily to the volume of waste milk produced, whether dealing with 5 gallons or 50.
For All Operations:
Reduces the risk of H5N1 transmission to calves, other animals, and farm workers.
Addresses a critical biosecurity vulnerability that has been largely overlooked—like finally fixing that hole in the fence that keeps letting your heifers escape.
It aligns with practices on some farms that acidify milk to inhibit bacterial growth.
It provides peace of mind during an ongoing outbreak, and peace of mind is worth its weight in gold when you’re already juggling a thousand other concerns.
Are you willing to gamble with your herd’s health when such a simple solution is available?
The Nuts and Bolts: How It Works
The UC Davis study provides clear parameters for effective H5N1 inactivation through acidification:
Target pH Range: 4.1 to 4.2—about the same acidity as a typical TMR for lactating cows.
Acidulant: Citric acid—the same stuff that’s probably sitting in your feed room for cleaning your milking system.
Treatment Duration: 6 hours—about the time between your morning and afternoon milking.
Temperature: Effective at ambient farm temperatures, without requiring refrigeration—works whether you’re in the scorching Central Valley or the cool Pacific Northwest.
Table 1: Acidification Parameters That Neutralize H5N1 (Source: UC Davis Study)
Target pH
Acidulant
Treatment Time
Milk Fat %
Effectiveness
4.1-4.2
Citric Acid
6 hours
4.1-5.8%
100% inactivation
4.4
Citric Acid
6 hours
4.3-5.5%
Partial inactivation (50% replicates)
The process is straightforward: add citric acid to raw waste milk until reaching the target pH of 4.1-4.2, verify the pH using a simple pH meter or test strips, and then let it sit for 6 hours before feeding to calves or disposal. It’s not much different from adding a preservative to your silage—a simple step that yields significant benefits.
Notably, the researchers found that pH 4.4 was less consistently effective, with only partial inactivation observed after 6 hours. This indicates the importance of achieving and maintaining the optimal pH range for reliable viral inactivation—much like the critical importance of hitting your target dry matter percentage in your TMR mix.
The study also noted a fascinating finding: milk with higher fat content appeared to enhance the virucidal effect of acidification. While the sample size was too small to draw definitive conclusions, this suggests that the milk’s composition may influence the treatment’s effectiveness—something that warrants further investigation. It’s similar to how colostrum quality can vary dramatically between cows, affecting the passive transfer of immunity to calves.
Beyond the Lab: Real-World Implementation
While the UC Davis findings are compelling, the researchers appropriately characterize their work as a “pilot study,” acknowledging its preliminary nature. The team has indicated plans to conduct on-farm testing to validate the effectiveness of milk acidification under real-world conditions and develop clear, practical implementation guidelines for farmers.
This field validation stage is crucial, as it must address the numerous variables encountered in farm environments, including fluctuations in ambient temperature, variations in milk composition, and challenges in consistently achieving and maintaining the target pH. It’s like the difference between breeding cows on paper versus actually getting them pregnant—theory and practice don’t always align perfectly.
For farmers considering implementing milk acidification as a biosecurity measure, several practical considerations emerge:
Accurate pH Monitoring: Achieving and verifying the target pH range (4.1-4.2) is critical for effectiveness. Simple pH meters or test strips would be necessary tools—about as basic as the CMT paddles you use to check for mastitis.
Treatment Duration: The 6-hour holding time at the target pH must be maintained for complete viral inactivation—similar to the holding time required for proper heat treatment of colostrum.
Milk Composition Effects: The study noted potential variations in efficacy related to milk composition, with some evidence suggesting enhanced virucidal effects in milk with higher fat content. This may be relevant when treating different milk streams on the farm—Jersey milk might respond differently than Holstein milk.
Temperature Considerations: While the method is effective at ambient temperatures, extreme variations on farms might influence efficacy and should be considered during implementation. As your silage fermentation slows in winter, seasonal temperature changes might affect the acidification process.
Some dairy operations utilize milk acidification to inhibit bacterial growth in waste milk for calf feeding. For these farms, adopting a protocol optimized for viral inactivation would represent a logical extension of existing practices—like upgrading from a basic pre-dip to a more effective germicidal formula.
16 States, 500+ Herds, 70 Human Cases: The Clock’s Ticking
The H5N1 outbreak in dairy cattle has prompted a coordinated response across multiple federal agencies, with the USDA focusing on animal health, the FDA overseeing food safety, and the CDC monitoring public health implications.
These agencies consistently affirm pasteurization’s effectiveness in ensuring commercial milk’s safety while strongly advising against consuming raw milk products. The FDA’s extensive retail sampling program has tested hundreds of pasteurized dairy products, finding no viable H5N1 virus in any samples—confirming that pasteurization works as effectively as a good footbath prevents digital dermatitis.
However, research from Cornell University has revealed concerning findings about raw milk products. Studies investigating whether the traditional 60-day aging process for raw milk cheese would eliminate the H5N1 virus found that the virus survived in non-heat-treated raw milk cheese through and beyond the 60-day aging period. This challenges the long-held belief that aging alone provides adequate protection against pathogens in raw milk cheese—much like how we’ve had to revise our understanding of Johne’s disease transmission over the years.
Myth: Raw milk is safe after 60 days. Fact: Cornell proved H5N1 survives in cheese for months.
For dairy farmers, the focus should be on implementing robust biosecurity measures to prevent H5N1 introduction and spread within their herds. This includes segregating sick cows, ensuring milk from infected animals does not enter the food supply, promptly reporting suspected cases to authorities, and utilizing personal protective equipment—the same common-sense approaches you’d use during a Salmonella outbreak.
Since April 29, 2024, a federal order has been in effect, requiring testing of lactating dairy cattle for H5N1 before interstate movement. A second federal order was enacted on December 6, 2024, establishing the National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS), which requires collecting and testing raw milk samples nationwide. This comprehensive surveillance program is designed to identify affected herds and implement enhanced biosecurity measures quickly.
Acidification represents a complementary approach that aligns with this broader strategy of enhancing on-farm biosecurity. While not replacing pasteurization for the commercial milk supply, it offers a practical tool for managing non-saleable milk. It addresses a critical control point where conventional pasteurization is often lacking—like adding a second lock to your medicine cabinet.
But let’s be honest: how many of us are implementing ALL these recommended biosecurity measures? And how many just hope H5N1 doesn’t find its way to our farm?
The Economics: Cost-Benefit Analysis
Let’s talk dollars and cents. For many dairy operations, especially smaller ones, the cost of pasteurization equipment can be prohibitive. A basic on-farm pasteurizer can cost anywhere from $5,000 to $25,000 or more, depending on capacity and features. Add in maintenance, energy costs, and the labor required to operate the equipment, and the total investment becomes significant—about the same as adding a couple of high-end box stalls to your maternity pen.
Why are we letting $20,000 machines collect dust when a $10 bag of citric acid could save your herd?
In contrast, implementing milk acidification requires minimal investment:
Citric acid is relatively inexpensive and widely available—about as costly as the iodine in your pre-dip.
Basic pH monitoring tools like test strips or a simple pH meter cost between $10 and $100—less than a single dose of prostaglandin for your breeding program.
No specialized equipment or energy inputs are needed—unlike the constant electricity demands of your milk cooling system.
The process can be easily integrated into existing waste milk handling procedures—no need to redesign your calf feeding workflow.
The potential benefits extend beyond direct cost savings. By reducing the risk of H5N1 transmission on your farm, you’re potentially preventing:
Loss of production due to illness in your herd—avoiding the milk drop that comes with any disease outbreak
Veterinary costs for treating sick animals—saving those emergency call fees
Regulatory interventions if an outbreak is detected—avoiding the headaches of dealing with state veterinarians and movement restrictions
Potential zoonotic transmission to farm workers—keeping your team healthy and productive
The spread of the virus to other susceptible species on your farm—protecting everything from your barn cats to your backyard chickens
When viewed through this lens, milk acidification represents not just a cost-effective alternative to pasteurization but a prudent investment in your operation’s biosecurity and sustainability—like spending money on good teat dip to prevent mastitis rather than antibiotics to treat it.
With margins as tight as they are in today’s dairy industry, can you afford NOT to implement this simple, low-cost biosecurity measure?
Beyond H5N1: Additional Benefits of Acidified Milk
While the UC Davis study focused explicitly on H5N1 inactivation, acidification of waste milk offers additional benefits that may make it an attractive practice beyond the current outbreak.
Research has shown that feeding acidified milk to calves can:
Reduce bacterial growth in milk during storage—similar to how properly fermented silage resists spoilage
Lower the incidence of diarrhea in calves compared to feeding untreated waste milk—potentially reducing your scour treatment costs
Potentially improve digestion and nutrient absorption—enhancing growth rates in your replacement heifers
Reduce labor costs associated with multiple daily feedings, as acidified milk can be fed free-choice—freeing up your calf feeders for other tasks
These benefits align with the industry’s broader goals of improving calf health, reducing antibiotic use, and enhancing operational efficiency—the same principles that guide your transition cow management or reproduction program.
It’s worth noting that acidification is not a new practice in dairy farming. Some operations have used it for years to preserve waste milk and improve calf health. What’s new is the scientific validation of its effectiveness against a specific and concerning pathogen like H5N1.
The Human Element: Protecting Your Workers and Community
While much of the discussion around H5N1 in dairy cattle has focused on animal health and milk safety, we can’t overlook the potential human health implications.
The CDC assesses the risk of H5N1 transmission to the general public as low while considering the risk for individuals with occupational exposure as moderate to high. While human cases reported since the onset of the dairy outbreak have primarily been linked to direct occupational exposure to infected animals, the precautionary principle supports minimizing all potential exposure routes.
Handling raw milk with high viral loads for dairy farm workers represents a potential occupational exposure risk. Implementing effective inactivation methods like acidification before handling or disposing of waste milk could reduce this risk pathway—much like how proper PPE protects your employees during chemical applications or veterinary treatments.
Beyond your immediate farm team, consider the potential community impact of a biosecurity breach. H5N1 is a zoonotic pathogen with the potential to cause severe illness in humans. While the current risk of sustained human-to-human transmission is considered low, reducing any potential reservoir of the virus is a responsible approach to public health—similar to how you might maintain a closed herd to protect against bringing in new diseases.
By implementing milk acidification as part of your biosecurity protocol, you’re protecting your herd and business and demonstrating a commitment to worker safety and community well-being. It’s the dairy industry equivalent of being a good neighbor who keeps their fences mended and their dogs contained.
Have you considered what you’d tell your employees or neighbors if they contracted H5N1 from your farm because you didn’t take this simple precaution?
The Dairy Industry’s Obsession with Pasteurization is Bankrupting Small Farms. Here’s the Fix.
The dairy industry has long relied on pasteurization as the gold standard for pathogen control in milk. This thermal process, developed in the 19th century, has served us well for generations. But its dominance may have inadvertently stifled innovation in alternative approaches, particularly for on-farm applications where pasteurization equipment isn’t always practical.
The UC Davis study challenges us to reconsider our assumptions about what constitutes effective biosecurity. It suggests that sometimes, simpler solutions might be just as effective as more technologically advanced ones—and potentially more accessible to a broader range of operations. It’s like discovering that a well-managed intensive rotational grazing system can be as productive as a high-input confinement operation—different approaches can achieve similar results.
This raises important questions:
Have we been overlooking other simple, cost-effective biosecurity measures? What other “low-tech” solutions might be hiding in plain sight?
Are there other areas where our industry’s conventional wisdom deserves reexamination? Perhaps our approach to dry cow therapy or transition cow management?
How can we better bridge the gap between cutting-edge research and practical on-farm implementation? How do we translate what works in the lab to what works in the parlor?
The acidification approach exemplifies how relatively simple, accessible interventions can offer practical solutions to complex biosecurity challenges. As the dairy industry adapts to emerging infectious disease threats, this innovative thinking will be increasingly valuable—much like how adopting sexed semen technology transformed heifer replacement strategies.
Isn’t it time we stopped assuming that more expensive, more complex solutions are automatically better?
Looking Ahead: The Future of On-Farm Biosecurity
As we look to the future, it’s clear that on-farm biosecurity will only become more critical. Climate change, global trade, and evolving pathogens contribute to an increasingly complex risk landscape for dairy operations—much like how antibiotic resistance has complicated our approach to mastitis treatment.
The UC Davis research on milk acidification represents a promising step toward more accessible, practical biosecurity tools. But it’s just one piece of a larger puzzle, like having a good pre-dip protocol but neglecting post-dip application.
Future research directions might include:
Optimizing acidification protocols for different farm environments and milk compositions—tailoring the approach to Jersey versus Holstein herds, for instance
Investigating the effectiveness of acidification against other pathogens of concern—like Mycoplasma, Salmonella, or Johne’s disease
Developing integrated biosecurity approaches that combine multiple interventions—similar to how a comprehensive mastitis control program addresses various risk factors
Creating user-friendly monitoring tools to verify treatment effectiveness—perhaps something as simple as a color-changing indicator that confirms proper acidification
For dairy farmers, staying informed about these developments and adapting practices based on new evidence will be key to navigating this changing landscape—just as you adjust your breeding program based on genetic evaluations or your feeding program based on forage quality.
Taking Action: Implementing Acidification on Your Farm
While we await the results of on-farm validation studies, forward-thinking dairy farmers might consider exploring milk acidification as a potential addition to their biosecurity toolkit. Here’s a framework for approaching implementation:
Consult with Experts: Discuss the approach with your veterinarian, extension specialist, or dairy consultant to determine if it’s appropriate for your operation.
Start Small: Consider a pilot implementation to test the process and resolve any logistical challenges before scaling up.
Invest in Proper Tools: Ensure you have accurate pH measurement tools and a reliable source of food-grade citric acid.
Develop Clear Protocols: Create step-by-step procedures for your team to follow, including pH targets, treatment times, and verification steps.
Train Your Team: Ensure everyone handling waste milk understands the importance of the process and the correct implementation steps.
Monitor and Adjust: Regularly review your process and make adjustments based on practical experience and emerging research.
Remember that acidification is not a replacement for other biosecurity measures but rather a complementary approach that addresses a specific vulnerability in many dairy operations.
The Bottom Line: A Practical Path Forward
The UC Davis pilot study offers compelling evidence that milk acidification represents an effective, accessible, and practical approach for inactivating H5N1 in raw whole milk. By demonstrating complete viral inactivation after 6 hours at pH 4.1-4.2, this research identifies a potentially valuable tool for enhancing on-farm biosecurity, particularly regarding the management of non-saleable milk.
For dairy farmers navigating the ongoing challenges of the H5N1 outbreak, this approach offers several distinct advantages over conventional pasteurization: lower implementation costs, minimal equipment requirements, and accessibility regardless of operation size. These benefits are especially relevant for small and medium-sized dairy operations, which currently have the lowest adoption rates for waste milk pasteurization.
While field validation remains essential before widespread implementation can be recommended, this research represents a significant step toward addressing a critical biosecurity gap in the dairy industry. By offering a practical method for inactivating H5N1 in waste milk, acidification could reduce viral transmission on farms, protect both animal and human health, and strengthen the resilience of dairy operations in the face of emerging infectious disease challenges.
This innovation exemplifies how relatively simple, accessible interventions can offer practical solutions to complex biosecurity challenges. As the dairy industry continues to adapt to the reality of H5N1, milk acidification stands out as a promising technique worthy of further investigation and consideration by producers seeking to enhance their farm biosecurity protocols.
In an industry that often equates technological sophistication with effectiveness, sometimes the simplest solutions are the most powerful. The humble citric acid might just be your most cost-effective weapon against one of the most concerning pathogens currently threatening dairy operations worldwide.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 hits 1,000 U.S. dairy herds: California crisis & Nevada’s viral strain demand urgent action. Milk losses, raw milk risks, and pandemic fears escalate.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The H5N1 avian influenza outbreak has infected over 1,000 U.S. dairy herds across 17 states, with California accounting for 759 cases and Nevada confirming a dangerous new viral strain (D1.1). Two distinct genotypes—B3.13 and D1.1—now threaten cattle, with the latter showing mammalian adaptation markers that heighten transmission risks. Dairy farms face catastrophic losses (0/cow over 60 days), while raw milk poses lethal risks to humans and animals. Federal agencies emphasize pasteurization safety but warn of gaps in biosecurity and compensation. With 41 human cases linked to dairy exposure and evidence of airborne transmission in ferrets, the outbreak underscores urgent needs for enhanced surveillance, producer support, and pandemic preparedness.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Dual viral threat: B3.13 and D1.1 genotypes circulate simultaneously, with D1.1’s PB2 D701N mutation raising zoonotic risks.
Economic devastation: Infected herds lose ~2,000 lbs of milk/cow over 60 days, costing $737,500 for a 3,900-cow operation.
Raw milk roulette: Contains 10^9 viral particles/mL—linked to fatal cat infections and human conjunctivitis cases.
Biosecurity gaps: Only 28% of farms use PPE consistently; USDA offers $28,000/premise for upgrades.
Low public risk, high vigilance: No human-to-human transmission yet, but ferret studies show airborne spread potential.
“We’re burning through $28,000 a month just on PPE and extra labor,” said Vlahos. “The milk losses are brutal, but the uncertainty keeps me up at night.”
The Dairy Disaster by the Numbers
Since the first cases hit Texas and Kansas dairies on March 25, 2024, this virus has torn through operations from coast to coast:
1,005 affected herds across 17 states by April 9, 2025
California: 759 herds (75.5% of all U.S. cases)
Nevada: 11 herds, including a dangerous new viral strain
Recovery rate: 492 of 759 California herds have recovered, but many report milk production is still down 8-9% months later
Things got so bad in California that Governor Newsom declared a State of Emergency last December, followed by a statewide ban on dairy and poultry exhibitions in January. Despite these measures, new cases keep popping up, showing how tough this virus is to contain.
Double Trouble: Two Viral Strains Now Threatening Your Herd
In a worrying twist, scientists have found a second viral strain in U.S. dairy cattle. This discovery means we’re fighting a two-front war:
Strain
Where It Came From
First Found
What Makes It Dangerous
Human Risk
B3.13
Wild bird mutation in late 2023
March 2024 (TX/KS)
It has a genetic tweak (PB2 E627K) that helps it thrive in mammals
38 human cases, mostly pink eye in dairy workers
D1.1
Direct jump from wild birds
February 2025 (NV)
Different genetic change (PB2 D701N) that also helps it spread in mammals
3 human cases with more severe symptoms
“We followed all protocols, but the virus tore through our parlors in days,” says Maria Gutierrez, Churchill County, Nevada farmer. “This isn’t the same bug we saw last year.”
The emergence of D1.1 in Nevada proves wild birds can repeatedly introduce H5N1 into dairy herds through separate spillover events. This blows apart earlier hopes that the virus might be a one-time occurrence that could be contained just by limiting cattle movement.
How H5N1 Attacks Your Dairy Cows
Unlike typical respiratory diseases, H5N1 has a special affinity for the mammary gland, creating the perfect storm for dairy operations:
Primary target: The milk-producing tissue in the udder, causing severe inflammation
Massive viral shedding: Infected cows pump out milk loaded with virus (billions of infectious particles per milliliter)
Production hit: Affected cows lose about 2,000 pounds of milk over 60 days
Spread pattern: Mainly through contaminated milk and shared milking equipment, not through the air
This explains why your lactating cows get hit while heifers, calves, and beef cattle mostly dodge the bullet. It also shows why milk production becomes a victim and a vehicle for viral spread.
The Bottom Line: What This Costs Your Operation
Let’s talk dollars and cents. The financial toll has been brutal:
Production losses: $950 per infected cow over 60 days (Ohio herd study)
Total damage: $737,500 for a typical 3,900-cow dairy over 67 days
Added costs: Enhanced biosecurity, testing, vet bills, and potential culling
Market effects: Downward pressure on milk prices in some regions
The USDA has stepped up with support programs—including ELAP for lost milk production and up to $28,000 per affected farm over 120 days for biosecurity measures—but many producers say these funds barely dent their losses.
Raw Milk: Playing Russian Roulette
If you’re still selling raw milk, you’re gambling with more than just fines:
Infected cows shed massive amounts of virus in milk, even before showing symptoms
Multiple cats have died after drinking raw milk from infected cows
The FDA and CDC strongly warn against consuming raw milk products
The good news? Pasteurization completely kills the H5N1 virus, making commercial milk safe. The FDA has tested hundreds of retail pasteurized dairy products and found zero viable virus.
Five Critical Biosecurity Steps Every Dairy Should Take Now
These aren’t just government recommendations—they’re survival strategies:
Lockdown farm access – Only essential personnel get in, and vehicles get cleaned
Heat-treat waste milk – Kill the virus before disposal or feeding to other animals
Double down on milking hygiene – Clean and disinfect equipment between groups
Protect your people – Provide proper PPE (respirators, eye protection, gloves) and make sure they use it
Money on the table: USDA will help pay for biosecurity plan development ($1,500), in-line milk samplers ($100), PPE and laundering ($2,000/month), waste milk heat treatment ($2,000/month), vet costs ($10,000), and sample shipping ($50/shipment).
The Threat We Can’t Ignore
While most human cases have been mild (41 dairy-related infections, mainly causing pink eye in farm workers), this virus bears watching. Here’s why:
Both viral strains show genetic changes that help them thrive in mammals
Lab tests show a human sample from the cattle outbreak could spread between ferrets through the air
With over 1,000 infected herds, the virus has countless opportunities to mutate further
The CDC says the risk to the general public remains low, but dairy farms are on the front lines of what could become a more significant health challenge if the virus learns to spread more easily between people.
The Bullvine’s Bottom Line
This isn’t just a health crisis—it’s Darwinian selection in real-time. The dairies that will survive are those treating biosecurity as their new religion, not a compliance checkbox.
The virus is here to stay. Wild bird reservoirs and multiple introduction pathways make complete eradication unlikely anytime soon. Forward-thinking producers are making permanent biosecurity upgrades, exploring milk testing technologies, and pushing for effective cattle vaccines as the most practical path forward.
For the latest updates on the H5N1 situation and guidance explicitly tailored for dairy operations, The Bullvine will continue to provide comprehensive coverage of this evolving crisis.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 invades US dairy: 1 year later, the virus adapts, spreads, and challenges farmers. Key insights inside.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The HPAI H5N1 virus has caused unprecedented outbreaks in U.S. dairy cattle since March 2024, driven by two distinct genotypes (B3.13 and D1.1) with mutations signaling mammalian adaptation. Transmission occurs primarily through contaminated milk, with high viral loads in mammary glands enabling rapid spread during milking. Economic losses exceed $700,000 per outbreak, impacting milk production and requiring costly biosecurity measures. While pasteurization ensures milk safety, raw milk poses zoonotic risks, with 70 human cases linked to dairy exposure. National surveillance and pre-movement testing aim to curb spread, but viral evolution in wild birds and cattle demands sustained vigilance.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Dual Viral Threats: Two genotypes (B3.13 and D1.1) emerged via separate bird-to-cow spillovers, with mutations (PB2 E627K/D701N) hinting at mammalian adaptation.
Milk as Super-Spreader: Virus concentrates in mammary tissue, turning milking equipment into transmission vectors—biosecurity must target parlors.
$700K+ Herd Losses: Infected cows lose 901kg milk over 60 days; recovery includes prolonged yield drops and ELAP compensation limits.
Zoonotic Wildcard: 41 dairy workers infected (mild cases), but no human-to-human spread—PPE and raw milk bans critical. National Milk Testing: Surveillance via bulk tank/silo samples detected Nevada’s D1.1 outbreak early, proving its strategic value.
Dairy cow and black bird.
The battle against highly pathogenic H5N1 bird flu in U.S. dairy herds has reached a critical turning point. One year after the first case was confirmed in Texas, we now face a virus that’s smarter, more persistent, and more economically devastating than first anticipated. With over $700,000 in losses per outbreak and a virus demonstrating unprecedented mammary tropism, producers need immediate action plans—not just wishful thinking.
One year after Texas confirmed the first case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in dairy cattle, the virus has transformed from a curious anomaly into a persistent industry-wide challenge. What experts initially dismissed as a fluke—a curious spillover from wild birds that would quickly burn itself out—has instead established itself as a formidable adversary across America’s dairy heartland.
THE BATTLEFIELD STATUS: WHO’S WINNING, WHO’S LOSING
“There hasn’t been a positive case of Influenza A in Texas since December,” reports Texas State Veterinarian Dr. Bud Dinges, providing a cautiously optimistic update from the outbreak’s ground zero. This indicates early containment efforts may be working in some regions, though the virus has shifted its focus westward.
“The virus is still affecting dairy herds in California, Nevada and Idaho,” Dinges adds, highlighting the virus’s westward migration pattern.
Kansas presents an even more encouraging picture. State Veterinarian Dr. Justin Smith credits aggressive testing and developing herd immunity for their improving situation: “Frankly, our dairies are clean and so, we don’t have the viral load out there pushing the virus into new dairies and susceptible species.”
This geographic shift follows scientific predictions. The virus tracks wild bird migratory pathways—nature’s perfect delivery system for an evolving pathogen.
“We’ve got four migratory fly-ways in the United States. They had the spillovers of the new genotype in Nevada and Arizona cattle. The virus is mutating and changing,” warns Dinges.
State
Confirmed Herds (April 2025)
Peak Milk Loss
Key Risk Factors
California
759
9.2% (Nov ’24)
High herd density, equipment sharing
Texas
12
7.3% recovery
Early undetected spread
Nevada
11
8.5%
New D1.1 genotype
Kansas
4
0% (3mo clean)
Aggressive testing
WHY THIS MATTERS FOR YOUR OPERATION: Your risk isn’t determined by national averages, but by your proximity to migratory pathways and regional dairy density. California operations face exponentially higher risk than those in the Midwest or Southeast based on current spread patterns.
THE ECONOMIC KNOCKOUT: REAL-WORLD COST TO YOUR DAIRY
“We lost almost $190,000 in 90 days from milk production drops alone,” reports Tom Hildebrandt, manager of a 950-cow California operation hit in October 2024. “That doesn’t include treatment costs, extra labor, or the cows we lost. And our bulk tank still hasn’t returned to pre-outbreak levels six months later.”
The comprehensive economic damage is staggering, with new research from Cornell University quantifying the devastation:
Per Cow Losses:
901 kg: Milk production lost per infected cow over 60 days
73%: Peak reduction in daily yield (from 35kg to just 10kg)
$950: Estimated cost per infected animal
A study examining an Ohio herd of 3,900 milking cows found the 67-day outbreak cost over $737,500 in losses—and that’s without accounting for “reproductive adjustments, disruptions to milking time and other important labor considerations.”
Most troubling was the persistence of production losses. Unlike typical mastitis where recovery often means a return to normal, H5N1-infected cows didn’t bounce back to pre-infection yields even after 60 days of monitoring.
TWO ENEMIES, ONE CRISIS: VIRAL GENOTYPES EXPLAINED
The dairy industry isn’t battling just one virus—it’s fighting an evolving enemy with multiple variants. Scientific detective work has identified two distinct genotypes:
B3.13: The original villain, first detected in March 2024 in Texas dairy herds. This genotype resulted from reassortment of HPAI H5N1 with North American wild bird viruses.
D1.1: The new troublemaker, detected in January 2025 in Nevada through routine milk testing. This represents a completely separate spillover event from wild birds and contains the concerning PB2 D701N mutation, suggesting the virus is actively adapting to its bovine hosts.
“The emergence of D1.1 is a game-changer,” explains Dr. Mary Lakefield, veterinary virologist at Colorado State University. “It’s like we started fighting one opponent, and suddenly their bigger, stronger brother jumped into the ring.”
Characteristic
B3.13 (Original)
D1.1 (Nevada)
Origin
TX/NM spillover
Wild bird reinfection
Key Mutation
PB2 E627K (rare)
PB2 D701N (consistent)
Milk Viral Load
10^4.8 TCID50/mL
10^5.2 TCID50/mL
Human Cases Linked
38
3
THE BULLVINE BOTTOM LINE: These aren’t random mutations—they represent the virus actively adapting to cattle. Each new genotype presents potential for greater transmissibility, higher viral shedding, or even increased human risk.
THE MAMMARY CONNECTION: WHY YOUR MILKING PARLOR IS GROUND ZERO
What makes H5N1 in dairy cattle so unique—and challenging—is its extraordinary affinity for mammary tissue. This isn’t just another respiratory disease like IBR or BRSV.
“I think there’s still a lot we don’t know. The respiratory spread, I don’t think that component was there and the virus can be in urine, but mainly it has an affinity for milk,” explains Dr. Dinges.
Unlike typical influenza viruses that primarily target respiratory tissue, H5N1 in cattle demonstrates a strong preference for mammary tissue, resulting in extraordinarily high viral concentrations in milk. This creates a perfect storm for transmission during the milking process, with equipment, collection lines, and personnel acting as viral highways between animals.
“In our operation, we pinpointed the spread to our parlor equipment,” reports Dave Reynolds, herd manager for a 1,200-cow operation in Idaho. “Even with pre- and post-dipping, the virus moved through our herd in less than 72 hours once the first cow showed symptoms.”
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOUR OPERATION: Your milking parlor—not your hospital pen—may be the most dangerous area for viral spread. Traditional respiratory disease protocols won’t cut it against a pathogen that travels through milk lines. This requires completely different biosecurity strategies than other cattle diseases.
NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE: THE MILK TESTING STRATEGY
Both Texas and Kansas have now joined the National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS), with Texas beginning this week and Kansas reporting three months of testing with zero positive results.
This systematic approach represents a sophisticated five-stage testing framework:
Stage 1: Silo testing at processing facilities Stage 2: Bulk tank sampling to identify infected herds Stage 3: Rapid response in affected states Stage 4: Ongoing surveillance to demonstrate absence of virus Stage 5: National freedom from H5N1
This system proved its worth dramatically in Nevada, where routine silo sampling detected the new D1.1 genotype before clinical signs appeared, triggering rapid response.
“Monthly testing of our bulk tank has become as routine as our SCC testing,” notes Maria Sanchez, California dairy producer. “It’s another cost, but it’s better than being blindsided by a full-blown outbreak.”
THE BULLVINE BOTTOM LINE: Participation in milk testing isn’t just a regulatory box to check—it’s an early warning system that could save your operation hundreds of thousands in losses. The cost of regular testing pales in comparison to an undetected outbreak.
BIOSECURITY BATTLE PLAN: PROTECTING YOUR HERD
Don’t wait for vaccines—implement these critical protective measures immediately:
STOP MOVEMENT
Test lactating cattle prior to movement following federal requirements
Isolate new or returning cattle for at least 30 days
MILK PROTECTION PROTOCOLS
Implement strict milking hygiene including pre/post teat disinfection
Thoroughly sanitize milking equipment between groups
Heat-treat waste milk before feeding to calves
PROTECT YOUR PEOPLE
Provide appropriate PPE for workers (N95 masks, eye protection, gloves)
Establish clear protocols for monitoring worker symptoms
Create specific procedures for handling potentially infected animals
WILD BIRD DEFENSE
Secure feed storage from wild bird access
Protect water sources from contamination
Implement aggressive bird deterrent strategies around facilities
Measure
Reduction in Risk
Implementation Cost
ROI per 1,000 cows
Milk Heat Treatment
99.9%
$4,200
$950,000
Pre-Movement Testing
78%
$12/test
$741,000
Worker PPE
67%
$1,800/mo
$636,500
Bird Deterrents
54%
$6,500
$513,000
THE REAL-WORLD IMPACT: “We spent $38,000 retrofitting our facilities after seeing what happened to our neighbor’s herd,” says Jeff Carlson, Wisconsin dairy producer. “It seemed excessive until six farms around us got hit. We stayed clean through the whole outbreak, and that’s money well spent.”
THE HUMAN EQUATION: PROTECTING YOUR WORKFORCE
While cattle experience relatively mild disease, the virus has demonstrated the ability to jump to humans—particularly dairy workers with close contact to infected animals. Approximately 70 human cases have been confirmed in the United States, with about 41 in dairy farm workers across multiple states.
The risk to the general public remains LOW according to CDC assessment, but for those with occupational exposure, it ranges from MODERATE to HIGH. Most notably, specific mutations associated with mammalian adaptation (PB2 E627K and D701N) have been detected in some isolates from both cattle and humans—a concerning sign of potential viral evolution.
“We had two employees test positive after our outbreak,” reports a California dairy manager who requested anonymity. “Both had mild symptoms, mainly eye irritation, but one was out for two weeks. That’s when we got serious about PPE requirements.”
WHY THIS MATTERS: Beyond the obvious concern for worker health, an outbreak among your staff could leave you critically shorthanded during a time when your herd needs the most attention. Every employee infection represents lost productivity during a crisis.
REAL BARN, REAL IMPACT: LEARNING FROM THE FRONTLINES
“When I first saw milk yields tank 20% overnight, I thought my nutritionist screwed up. Turns out we had bird flu before most vets even knew what to look for,” reports Miguel Fernandez, a Texas dairy manager who experienced one of the early outbreak farms.
The most telling clinical indicators reported by producers include:
Sudden drops in feed intake and rumination
Dramatic milk production declines
Abnormal milk consistency (thicker, discolored)
Relatively mild external symptoms that might be missed without production monitoring
Cornell research confirms these observations, noting that “both parameters [rumination and milk production] begin to decline approximately 5 days before clinical diagnosis,” highlighting the critical importance of production monitoring systems that can catch early warning signs.
THE BULLVINE’S ACTIONABLE INSIGHT: Set up automated alerts in your herd management software for any cow showing a >8% overnight drop in production or >15% reduction in rumination minutes. This could give you a critical 3-5 day head start on isolation and containment.
THE BOTTOM LINE: HARD TRUTHS ABOUT H5N1
The H5N1 saga has exposed critical vulnerabilities in our industry’s biosecurity infrastructure. One year in, we’ve learned the virus is far more adaptive and persistent than initially thought. It’s leveraging dairy’s interconnected structure—the very efficiency that makes modern production possible—to spread rapidly through animal movement and milk handling channels.
WHY ARE WE STILL ALLOWING INTERSTATE HEIFER SALES WITHOUT COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH GUARANTEES? It’s time to rethink “cheap trucking” economics against the backdrop of catastrophic disease costs.
As Dr. Justin Smith soberly observes, “The virus is likely here to stay.” But that doesn’t mean surrender. The operations that survive and thrive will be those that adapt faster than the virus itself through:
Immediate implementation of enhanced biosecurity
Aggressive participation in surveillance programs
Investment in early detection technology
Preparation for vaccination once approved
Serious consideration of genetic selection for disease resistance
Dr. Dinges notes, “it will take more time to know all ways the virus is being spread.” But producers can’t afford to wait for perfect information. The time to act is now—before H5N1 rewrites your farm’s financial future.
Learn more:
Battle Plan: How to Protect Your Dairy Herd from HPAI – Learn practical strategies for managing HPAI outbreaks with early detection methods, rehydration protocols, and essential biosecurity measures to protect both your herd and workers.
Unraveling the Transmission of Bird Flu in US Dairy Cows: An In-Depth Look – Explore the complex transmission dynamics of avian influenza in bovine populations, including environmental contamination routes, human-mediated transmission, and critical factors affecting virus spread between animals.
Join the Revolution!
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Silent Killer: 76% of cows spread H5N1 without symptoms. Protect your herd & profits now!
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: H5N1 poses a unique threat to dairy herds: 76% of infected cows show no symptoms while shedding the virus, driving silent transmission and economic devastation. Affected cows lose 901.2 kg of milk over 60 days, costing $950 per cow. Early detection via PCR testing and real-time monitoring systems like CowManager can flag infections 5 days before symptoms appear. Federal programs offer up to $28,000 for biosecurity upgrades, while proactive protocols (movement restrictions, milk handling safeguards) are critical. With outbreaks already costing farms millions, immediate action is essential to protect herds and livelihoods.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Silent spread: 76% of H5N1-infected cows show no symptoms but shed virus-laden milk.
Economic carnage: $950/cow losses from milk production drops; outbreaks can exceed $700k/herd.
Tech edge: Sensors detect infections 5 days pre-symptoms via rumination/temperature changes.
Biosecurity non-negotiables: Isolate new cattle 30 days, milk sick cows last, and heat-treat waste milk.
Federal aid: USDA offers $28,000/farm for prevention; ELAP covers milk loss compensation.
The silent spread of bird flu through dairy herds is changing how we think about herd health management. With 76% of infected cows showing zero symptoms while still spreading the virus, traditional “wait until they look sick” approaches don’t cut it anymore. The hit to your bottom line is brutal – affected cows drop milk production by 901.2 kg over two months, costing you roughly 0 per animal. That’s not even counting the genetic losses when you’re forced to cull outstanding breeding stock.
This report cuts through the noise to give you practical strategies for catching H5N1 before it wrecks your operation. We’re talking early detection tricks that spot infections 5 days before visual symptoms, battle-tested biosecurity protocols, and financial tools to protect your investment.
Understanding the Silent Threat: Why Bird Flu Isn’t Like Other Dairy Diseases
Why This Matters
Let’s face it – dairy farmers are used to sick cows. But H5N1 plays by different rules. When three-quarters of your infected animals show no symptoms yet keep pumping out virus-laden milk, you have a recipe for disaster.
Just ask the Ohio producer who watched H5N1 tear through his 3,900-cow dairy, eventually costing him $737,500 in losses. One asymptomatic cow from Texas was all it took to bring his operation to its knees. In California, affected herds saw milk yields plummet by 6-10% for months after infection. For your average 200-cow dairy, even a 20% infection rate means kissing goodbye to $20,000 over 60 days.
Worse yet, your high-performing cows face the toughest fight. Research shows clinically affected animals are 6 times more likely to die and 3.6 times more likely to need culling. That’s not just lost milk – years of genetic progress down the drain.
Detection Revolution: Catching What Your Eyes Can’t See
Early Detection Techniques
Skip the guesswork. Digital PCR testing is catching infections days earlier than traditional methods, giving you precious time to isolate carriers before they infect your whole barn. Cornell University researchers found that dPCR picks up lower viral loads than regular qPCR, meaning you’ll catch infections sooner.
Your best defense? Technology that never sleeps. CowManager ear tags have saved countless California dairies by flagging suspicious rumination and activity patterns before visible symptoms appear:
Rumination drops typically show up 1-2 days before cows look sick
Temperature spikes happen 24-48 hours before clinical signs
Activity level crashes can give you a 3-day head start on treatment
One California dairyman bluntly said, “The sensors caught what my best herdsmen missed. We isolated five suspect cows based on rumination alerts, and four tested positive two days later – before they showed a single symptom.”
Biosecurity Battleplan: Your Defense Against the Invisible Threat
Core Biosecurity Measures
Lockdown Your Cattle Movement: The April 2024 federal order requiring pre-movement testing isn’t just red tape – it’s your lifeline. Any new cattle or show animals returning to your farm need 30 days of isolation, with no exceptions.
Control Traffic Flow: Keep milk trucks and feed deliveries on dedicated routes that never cross cow lanes. Power wash and disinfect any equipment moving between clean and dirty areas.
Visitor Protocols: If they don’t need to be near your cows, they don’t get near them. Period.
Milk Handling Protocols
You know the drill – sick cows get milked last. But with H5N1, you need to go further. Use separate equipment for suspect animals if possible, and never feed waste milk to calves unless it’s been properly heat-treated.
Recent University of Wisconsin research found H5N1 surviving in refrigerated raw milk for five weeks. Over a month of infection risk sitting in your bulk tank if you’re not testing regularly.
The Bottom Line: Financial Implications and Preventative Investments
Economic Impact Assessment
Impact Category
Estimated Value
Notes
Milk Production Loss
901.2 kg/cow over 60 days
No recovery was observed after this period
Financial Impact per Cow
$950
Direct revenue loss
Total Outbreak Cost
$737,500
Ohio herd study (3,900 cows)
Biosecurity Upgrades
$500-$5,000+
Depends on your current setup
Real-Time Monitoring Systems
$50-$200/cow
It pays for itself by preventing one outbreak
As the American Association of Bovine Practitioners plainly states, H5N1 costs $100-$200 per cow in the short term, with potentially much steeper losses down the road.
Federal Support Programs
Don’t leave money on the table. The USDA offers up to $28,000 per farm for biosecurity upgrades through the Secure Milk Supply Plan. With nearly $2 billion in federal funding committed to fighting this outbreak, innovative producers are tapping into these resources to upgrade monitoring systems, improve sick pens, and train personnel.
Navigating an Outbreak: Recovery Strategies That Work
Immediate Response Protocols
When H5N1 hits, don’t panic – but don’t drag your feet. Your first 48 hours will make or break your recovery. Isolate suspicious animals immediately, call your vet, and implement your biosecurity plan.
The good news? Contrary to early fears, most infected dairy cows do recover. A key USDA report states, “While dairy cows infected with H5N1 generally recover well, it does dramatically limit milk production.” Your outbreak typically peaks around days 4-6, with most animals recovering within 30-45 days.
Worker Safety Measures
Don’t cut corners on worker protection. A 2024 survey of dairy farms with confirmed H5N1 found that only 26% of workers used proper N95 respirators when handling sick cows. After detection, PPE use jumped by 28% – but why wait for a crisis? Protect your people now.
Conclusion: Your Action Plan Starts Today
H5N1 isn’t just another dairy disease – it’s a silent profit-killer that demands a new approach to herd health. With 76% of carriers showing no symptoms while shedding the virus, traditional visual checking isn’t enough anymore.
The choice is simple: invest in prevention now or watch your margins disappear later. Early detection technology, enhanced biosecurity protocols, and worker protection measures aren’t just nice-to-haves – they’re essential insurance policies against a threat that’s already cost U.S. dairies millions.
The tools exist. The funding is available. It’s time to deploy them before H5N1 silently infiltrates your herd.
How Canada Keeps Its Dairy Cows Free from Bird Flu Learn how Canada’s proactive biosecurity measures and surveillance systems have successfully kept H5N1 out of its dairy herds, offering valuable lessons for U.S. producers.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Bird flu bulldozing your dairy profits? Stop HPAI in its tracks with no-nonsense strategies that protect cows, workers, and your bottom line.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has hit 333 U.S. dairy herds, slashing milk yields by 15-30% and costing $2,400+ per dried-off cow. This guide arms farmers with battle-tested tactics: spot early signs like fever and thick milk, master life-saving drenching techniques, use NSAIDs without killing kidneys, and shield workers with CDC-backed PPE. With real-world examples from outbreak veterans, it’s a survival blueprint for safeguarding profits and herds. Delay costs cash—act now.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Catch it early or pay the price: Fever checks and rumination drops are your first alarm bells.
Fluids fuel recovery: 6 gallons/day per Holstein—get the tube placement right or risk drowning cows.
NSAIDs ≠ candy: Hydrate first, or kiss those kidneys goodbye.
Protect your people: No PPE? Say hello to worker infections and regulatory nightmares.
$2,400/cow at stake: Every hour wasted = milk money evaporating.
HPAI isn’t just a poultry problem anymore. It’s hitting dairy herds hard, and it could cost you big if you’re not ready. With 333 confirmed outbreaks across the U.S. and milk production losses of up to 30%, this virus demands your attention. While most cows recover in 3-4 weeks, the 10% that dry off early will burn through $2,400+ in lost milk revenue per head. Here’s how to fight back and protect your herd, workers, and bottom line.
The Financial Gut Punch of HPAI
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has jumped from poultry to dairy cattle, wreaking havoc. As of late 2024, 333 outbreaks have been confirmed across multiple states. While death rates in cattle are low (less than 5%), the economic impact is massive.
Here’s why:
Milk production drops by 15-30% during infection—costing you $162 per cow daily.
Abortions and early drying-off leave long-term reproductive holes in your herd.
Sick cows need intensive care, adding labor costs and stress to your operation.
Most herds see peak cases within a week of the first symptoms, but the ripple effects can last months. If unprepared, HPAI can hit your operation like a freight train.
Spotting Trouble Early: Know the Signs
Early detection is everything when it comes to managing HPAI. The sooner you catch it, the better your chances of limiting the damage.
HPAI Red Flags: What to Watch For
System Affected
Key Signs
What It Costs You
General
Fever (103–108°F), lethargy, dehydration
$162/cow/day in milk losses
Mammary
Thick colostrum-like milk, udder shrinkage
$2,400+/cow if dried off early
Respiratory
Clear or bloody nasal discharge, labored breathing
Increased culling risk
Digestive
Tacky or loose manure decreased rumen fill
$8.50/cow/day in wasted feed
Farmer Tip: Print this table and keep it in your barn for quick reference during an outbreak.
Use Tech to Stay Ahead
Wearable health monitors can flag problems before you even notice symptoms. Drops in rumination or spikes in-ear temperature are early warning signs that something’s wrong. These systems can give you a head start on treatment.
Why Reporting Matters
If you suspect HPAI in your herd, don’t wait—call your state vet or USDA APHIS immediately. Early reporting helps contain the virus and protects neighboring farms.
Rehydration: Your First Line of Defense
Dehydration is one of the biggest killers when it comes to HPAI. Sick cows stop eating and drinking, leaving them weak and vulnerable.
How to Drench Like a Pro
Dosage: Holsteins need 6 gallons/day; Jerseys need 5 gallons/day.
What to Use: A good drench includes electrolytes (sodium, potassium), calcium, energy (like propylene glycol), and probiotics.
Technique Matters: Insert a lubricated tube into the esophagus—not the trachea. Double-check placement by feeling for two rigid tubes in the neck or smelling for rumen odor.
“We drenched over 1,000 cows during our outbreak,” says a Texas dairy manager. “Without proper training on drenching rigs, we’d have lost more animals.”
NSAIDs: Use Them Wisely
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help manage fever and inflammation in sick cows—but only if used correctly. Administering NSAIDs without addressing dehydration first is a recipe for kidney failure.
NSAID Guidelines: What You Need to Know
Drug Name
Route
Milk Withdrawal
Meat Withdrawal
Meloxicam
Oral/Injectable
5 days
15-21 days
Flunixin Meglumine
IV/Transdermal
48 hours
4 days
Ketoprofen
Injectable
None
24 hours
Always consult your vet before using NSAIDs, and make sure the cow is appropriately hydrated first.
Supportive Care: Give Them Space to Heal
When cows are sick with HPAI, they need rest—not stress. Moving them around too much or overcrowding pens will only make things worse.
How to Set Up Your Sick Pens
Isolate-affected cows in clean hospital pens with plenty of bedding.
Provide fresh water at all times—dehydration is your enemy.
Keep feed palatable to encourage eating (wet TMR works well).
Ensure proper ventilation to reduce respiratory strain.
“The less you handle sick cows during treatment, the faster they’ll recover,” says Dr. Beal.
Protecting Your Workers: Don’t Overlook Safety
HPAI doesn’t just affect cows—it can also spread to people who work closely with infected animals or raw milk. While human cases are rare (17 confirmed as of late 2024), worker safety should still be a top priority.
Worker Safety Checklist
Wear N95 masks, gloves, and eye protection when handling sick animals.
Wash hands thoroughly after contact with animals or contaminated surfaces.
Monitor workers for flu-like symptoms for 10 days after exposure.
Train employees on proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
The Bottom Line: Act Now or Pay Later
HPAI isn’t just another health issue—it’s an economic disaster waiting to happen if you’re not prepared. But with early detection and aggressive management, you can minimize losses and keep your operation running smoothly.
Don’t let HPAI write your farm’s story—take control now with these proven strategies because hope isn’t a treatment plan, and wishful thinking won’t pay the bills.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Bird flu in milk? Science confirms pasteurization kills H5N1—but raw dairy risks remain what every producer MUST know now.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The H5N1 avian flu outbreak in U.S. dairy herds has raised urgent questions about milk safety. New FDA/USDA research confirms pasteurization eliminates the virus while raw milk products pose risks. Cornell University studies reveal H5N1 survives in aged raw milk cheese, challenging traditional safety assumptions. Federal testing programs and biosecurity protocols—including milk segregation, PPE use, and heat-treated calf feed—enable safe operations. Producers in affected states must prioritize bulk tank testing and adhere to updated guidelines to protect herds and maintain consumer confidence in dairy products.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Pasteurization neutralizes H5N1—HTST methods to eliminate 99.99% of virus particles, ensuring commercial milk safety.
Biosecurity essentials—Milk diversion, PPE, and water management prevent herd transmission.
Test proactively—Weekly bulk tank monitoring detects outbreaks early in high-risk regions.
Global lessons—U.S. protocols exceed EU raw milk standards during zoonotic crises.
As H5N1 continues its unprecedented spread through America’s dairy herds, definitive research confirms what separates safe milk from potential biohazards. With the USDA’s National Milk Testing Strategy fully operational and FDA studies conclusively validating pasteurization’s effectiveness, dairy farmers have clear guidance amidst this ongoing crisis. Here’s what every producer needs to know about the virus that’s reshaping milk handling protocols nationwide.
The Current State of the Outbreak
Since being first detected in Texas dairy cattle in March 2024, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread to at least 12 U.S. dairy sectors. What initially presented as a “mystery illness” affecting primarily older dairy cows in Texas, Kansas, and New Mexico has been confirmed across multiple regions.
The disease has triggered a comprehensive federal response, with both FDA and USDA implementing monitoring and control strategies to contain the spread while ensuring milk safety.
Key Outbreak Timeline:
March 2024: First detection of H5N1 in dairy cattle in Texas and Kansas
April 2024: Spread confirmed to multiple states, including New Mexico, Idaho, and Michigan
July 2024: Peer-reviewed studies confirm pasteurization effectiveness against H5N1
March 2025: Cornell University research reveals H5N1 survives in aged raw milk cheese
Milestone Research Confirms: Pasteurization Neutralizes H5N1
The FDA and USDA have conclusively demonstrated that standard pasteurization processes eliminate the H5N1 virus from milk, even when starting with extremely high viral loads. A first-of-its-kind study using commercial milk processing equipment confirmed that High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST) pasteurization—heating milk to 161°F (72°C) for 15 seconds—effectively inactivates the HPAI H5N1 virus in milk.
Dr. Nathan Anderson, Director of FDA’s Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, explained: “While testing finished product post-pasteurization is one strategy to detect potential problems in finished products, validating the effectiveness of the pasteurization parameters critically demonstrates that commercial milk processing is capable of controlling the HPAI virus.”
This groundbreaking research established that HTST pasteurization eliminates at least 12 log10 EID50 per milliliter—approximately one trillion virus particles per milliliter—providing an enormous margin of safety. A peer-reviewed study published in January 2025 confirmed that complete viral inactivation occurs at standard pasteurization temperatures.
Comprehensive Testing Validates Safety:
The FDA’s extensive retail sampling program tested 297 pasteurized dairy products, including milk, cheese, butter, and ice cream, finding no viable H5N1 virus in any samples. This comprehensive sampling included products from regions with active H5N1 outbreaks in dairy cattle, providing real-world confirmation of pasteurization effectiveness.
While pasteurized milk has been repeatedly confirmed safe, research from Cornell University reveals concerning findings about raw milk products. Studies investigated whether the traditional 60-day aging process for raw milk cheese—considered a safety measure—would eliminate the H5N1 virus.
The results were definitive: H5N1 survived in non-heat-treated raw milk cheese through and beyond the 60-day aging process. This finding challenges the long-held belief that aging alone provides adequate protection against pathogens in raw milk cheese.
Raw Milk Advocacy vs. Scientific Evidence
Some raw milk advocates have challenged federal warnings as “fearmongering,” arguing that traditional processes and natural protective factors in raw milk are sufficient. However, the comprehensive research from Cornell University directly rebuts these claims by demonstrating H5N1 survival in raw milk products despite traditional aging processes.
The FDA maintains its longstanding position that “unpasteurized, raw milk can harbor dangerous microorganisms that can pose serious health risks to consumers,” now with specific evidence regarding H5N1.
Notably, alternative processes that can inactivate H5N1 in raw milk have been identified through research:
Heating raw milk to 130°F (54°C) for at least 15 minutes
Heating raw milk to 140°F (60°C) for at least 10 seconds
Adjusting pH to 5.0 (highly acidic), which leads to rapid inactivation of H5N1
Human Health Impacts and Transmission Risk
While human cases of H5N1 related to dairy exposure remain rare, they have been confirmed. Texas health officials confirmed a human case in a person who had direct exposure to dairy cattle presumed to be infected with H5N1, with eye inflammation as the only symptom.
Public health officials emphasize that “people with close contact with affected animals suspected of having avian influenza A(H5N1) have a higher risk of infection”. The virus concentrates in the udder of infected cows and can be present in milk at high levels, creating risk for those handling raw milk from infected animals.
Calf Feeding Safety Guidelines:
For calf-feeding operations, experts recommend heat-treating milk from potentially infected herds before feeding it to calves. Standard pasteurization protocols (145°F for 30 minutes or 161°F for 15 seconds) effectively eliminate the virus in regular calf milk.
Colostrum requires different approaches, as standard pasteurization would coagulate the proteins. Heat treatment at 140°F (60°C) for 60 minutes is recommended while maintaining agitation to prevent protein damage.
The National Milk Testing Strategy: Key Farmer Protocols
Collection of raw milk samples at dairy processing plants before pasteurization
Double-masked testing through a third-party central location to protect farmer identities
Structured sampling over six weeks, designed to minimize extra labor by integrating with routine regulatory sampling
Vermont has implemented an exemplary program in which 90% of dairy farms selling raw milk for cheese production voluntarily test their milk weekly despite not being required by federal guidelines. This proactive approach demonstrates how producers can take the initiative to protect their businesses and public health.
Practical Biosecurity Protocols for Dairy Operations
The outbreak necessitates heightened biosecurity measures for all dairy operations:
Worker Protection: Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when working with potentially infected animals, particularly during milking.
Milk Segregation: Milk from clinically ill cows should not enter the bulk tank and should be diverted or destroyed rather than entering the food supply.
Calf Feeding Safety: Heat-treat milk before feeding to calves from herds with known or suspected infections using validated temperature-time combinations.
Water Management: Clean and disinfect all livestock watering devices and isolate drinking water that might be contaminated by waterfowl, as they may be vectors for the virus.
Testing and Monitoring: Implement regular testing of bulk tank milk, particularly in affected regions, and report any suspicious symptoms to state veterinary authorities.
Isolation Protocols: Segregate clinically ill cows from the rest of the milking herd to prevent further spread within the operation.
Global Context and Comparative Regulations
While this outbreak has primarily affected U.S. dairy operations, its implications extend globally, particularly regarding regulatory approaches to raw milk products. The U.S. FDA prohibits raw milk in interstate commerce but allows states to regulate intrastate sales, resulting in 30 states permitting some form of raw milk sales.
In contrast, European regulations, particularly for the protected designation of origin cheeses like Brie and Camembert, allow raw milk to be used under specific conditions even after antibiotic treatment of cows. These regulatory differences highlight where American dairy producers face stricter standards during zoonotic outbreaks than some European counterparts.
Bottom Line: Risk Assessment and Business Continuity
The comprehensive scientific evidence confirms that:
Pasteurized milk and dairy products remain entirely safe for consumption, with multiple studies confirming pasteurization’s effectiveness against H5N1.
Raw milk from infected herds poses potential risks, with H5N1 surviving even through traditional aging processes in cheese production.
Dairy operations can continue functioning safely by implementing appropriate biosecurity measures and following USDA/FDA guidance.
Agricultural authorities have expressed confidence that “unlike affected poultry, there will be no need to depopulate dairy herds. Cattle are expected to recover fully.” This assessment suggests the dairy industry can navigate this challenge with proper management while maintaining production.
The National Milk Producers Federation works closely with USDA and other stakeholders, emphasizing “the importance of practical, science-based solutions that enhance disease monitoring and prevention while ensuring business continuity for dairy farmers.”
HPAI Herd Risk Assessment: Is Your Operation Vulnerable?
Dairy producers should evaluate their operation’s vulnerability to H5N1 introduction and spread:
Geographic Exposure: Are you located in or near states with confirmed cases?
Water Source Risk: Does your operation have ponds or features that attract wild waterfowl?
Biosecurity Infrastructure: Do you have foot baths, dedicated clothing, and visitor restrictions?
Herd Health Monitoring: What is your protocol for identifying and segregating sick animals?
Testing Frequency: How often are you sampling bulk tank milk for potential pathogens?
Producer Challenge: Take Action Today
Test your bulk tank milk this week and share your proactive approach with fellow producers through industry forums. The science is precise: pasteurization works, but prevention remains the best protection.
By understanding the definitive research on H5N1 in dairy and implementing appropriate biosecurity measures, producers can protect their herds, their workers, and the continued safety of the dairy supply chain. Participating in voluntary testing programs safeguards your operation and strengthens the entire industry’s resilience against this unprecedented challenge.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
FDA Sampling vs. Cornell Study: What Dairy Farmers Need to Know
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: A groundbreaking Cornell study reveals H5N1’s unexpected survival in lab-made raw cheese aged 60 days, challenging FDA safety assumptions. Meanwhile, FDA testing of 96 commercial raw cheese samples found no detectable virus, while 464 pasteurized products also tested clean. Two avian flu strains – B3.13 (cattle-poultry spread) and D1.1 (wild bird spillover) – pose distinct risks, with B3.13 causing severe illness and D1.1 triggering milder cases. Researchers highlight pH ≤5.0 and heat treatment (54°C/15 mins or 60°C/10 secs) as virus-killing solutions. The FDA’s ongoing sampling will determine if commercial cheeses harbor risks while states like New York ramp up surveillance. Farmers must balance lab findings with real-world data to protect herds and consumers.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Cornell Study Challenges Aging Safety: H5N1 survives 60 days in pH 5.8–6.6 cheeses but dies in ≤5.0 acidity.
FDA Sampling: No Virus Detected: 96 raw cheese samples and 464 pasteurized products tested clean as of March 2025.
Strain Safety: B3.13 vs D1.1:
B3.13: Lateral spread between cattle/poultry; severe illness.
D1.1: Wild bird spillover; milder symptoms.
Proven Solutions: Target pH ≤5.0 or heat-treat raw milk to kill H5N1.
Biosecurity Critical: Wildlife control and hygiene protocols remain frontline defenses, especially in H5N1-free states.
While Cornell researchers reveal H5N1’s surprising survival in lab-made raw cheese, the FDA’s ongoing marketplace sampling shows no detectable virus in commercially sold aged raw cheese. This tension between lab findings and real-world results underscores the complexity of food safety in a post-avian-flu world.
Cornell’s Lab Bombshell
In a preprint study funded by the FDA and New York State, researchers spiked raw milk with H5N1 and made mini-cheeses at three pH levels (6.6, 5.8, 5.0). The results? The viable virus survived 60 days of aging in cheeses with pH 5.8–6.6 – but vanished in the most acidic (pH 5.0) batch. This directly challenges the FDA’s 1949 rule requiring raw milk cheese to age 60 days at ≤35°F (1.7°C) to kill pathogens.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
BREAKING: UK sheep H5N1 outbreak exposes deadly mastitis link—biosecurity failures put global dairy herds at risk. Act now or face collapse.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The UK’s first H5N1 detection in a sheep with mastitis reveals critical vulnerabilities in dairy biosecurity worldwide. Peer-reviewed studies confirm the virus targets mammary tissue, causing catastrophic milk loss in cows. U.S. outbreak data shows 63% of infected farms had poultry on-site, exposing flawed protocols. Urgent reforms—daily mastitis tests, poultry bans, and real-time milk PCR testing—are non-negotiable for herd survival. With consumer trust eroding, farms must adopt radical transparency (live-streamed testing, QR code traceability) or risk irreversible market damage.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Mastitis = Early Warning: H5N1 binds 300% more aggressively to mammary cells—daily CMT tests are now essential.
Biosecurity Overhaul: Ban poultry from dairy sites; implement UVC lighting and USDA-certified lockdowns.
Consumer Crisis: 1 in 3 buyers distrust milk safety—combat with live testing videos and QR-code traceability.
Profit Killer: Unchecked H5N1 could cost $200K+/herd within months.
Regulatory Failure: Current guidelines lag behind the virus’s spread—proactive testing saves herds.
The UK’s first-ever H5N1 detection in a sheep isn’t just another outbreak—it’s a five-alarm fire for dairy producers worldwide. With mastitis-infected milk testing positive and U.S. herds still reeling, this crisis demands radical changes to how we protect our cowstoday.
Mastitis: H5N1’s Secret Weapon Against Dairy Herds
The infected Yorkshire ewe’s mastitis mirrors findings from the Journal of Dairy Science’s groundbreaking May 2024 study: H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b binds 300% more effectively to bovine mammary epithelial cells than lung tissue. This explains why U.S. dairy cows lost 40-90% milk production during outbreaks, according to USDA outbreak reports.
Why it matters: Mastitis isn’t just about somatic cell counts anymore. As Texas dairy farmer Hank Groeteke told Hoard’s Dairyman after losing 18% of his herd: “We thought it was standard mastitis until the CDC knocked on our door. Now we test every abnormal milk sample.”
Biosecurity Failures Exposed
The USDA’s June 2025 report confirms what dairy leaders won’t admit: 63% of infected U.S. farms had poultry on-site. Yet most “biosecure” operations still make these deadly mistakes:
Using shared equipment between species (NMPF Violation Code 4.7a)
Skipping boot dips at parlor entrances
Assuming “free-stall” means “flu-free”
Bullvine’s Contrarian Take: Regulators are asleep at the wheel while H5N1 rampages through herds. If you’re not testing bulk tank milk twice weekly with PCR kits (like the FDA-approved UdderSafe™ system), you’re gambling with your livelihood.
Global Implications: Your 3-Step Survival Plan
Mastitis Monitoring 2.0
Implement daily California Mastitis Tests (CMT) during milking
Use lactic acid dips proven to reduce viral load by 78% (JDS, April 2024)
Lockdown Protocols
Ban all poultry from dairy facilities (yes, even backyard chickens)
Install UVC lighting in milk parlors—shown to neutralize 99.8% of H5N1 in 8 seconds (Applied Microbiology, 2025)
Milk Testing Revolution
Demand real-time PCR systems from suppliers
Reject any tanker that lacks H5N1-negative certification
Consumer Trust Hangs by a Thread
While pasteurization kills H5N1, social media lies spread faster than the virus. A Progressive Dairy poll shows 1 in 3 consumers now question milk safety. Fight back with:
Live-streamed milk testing videos
“Biosecurity Report Cards” for customers
QR codes linking to USDA safety data on every carton
The Bottom Line: Adapt or Get Culled
This isn’t a drill—it’s DEFCON 1 for dairy. As Wisconsin vet Dr. Lorna Bendixsen warns: “H5N1 doesn’t care about your ‘organic’ label or herd size. Miss one infected ewe, and you’ll burn through $200K in losses before breakfast.”
Read more:
New Research Reveals Mammary Glands as Bird Flu Hotspots Why it complements: Explains the biological mechanism behind H5N1’s devastating impact on milk production, with peer-reviewed data on udder cell vulnerability and actionable sterilization protocols.
H5N1 Strikes Again: Minnesota Dairy Farm Reinfected Why it complements: Exposes systemic biosecurity failures through a real-world case study of recurring outbreaks, contrasting U.S. and EU response strategies.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 strikes Minnesota dairy again! Same farm, same flaws. Is your biosecurity plan a joke?
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: A Minnesota dairy farm’s repeat H5N1 infection exposes systemic failures in U.S. biosecurity and surveillance. Despite USDA’s $28k grants and mandatory milk testing, shared equipment and lax protocols enabled reinfection. Quarantined farms face steep costs (20% milk loss, $737k+ per herd) and permit hurdles, while workers battle PPE shortages. The EU’s stricter biosecurity models contrast sharply with America’s reactive approach.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Surveillance ≠ Prevention: Bulk milk testing identifies outbreaks but fails to address root causes like shared equipment or migratory birds.
Biosecurity Is a Mirage: Protocols are often “checkbox” exercises; rigorous enforcement is critical.
Economic Time Bomb: H5N1 could become a permanent risk, spiking insurance costs and straining margins.
Global Lessons Ignored: EU strategies (netting feed, genetic tracing) outpace U.S. efforts.
Minnesota’s dairy sector is bracing for impact as H5N1 avian flu makes a shocking comeback in a Stearns County herd. The same farm hit last summer is under quarantine again, raising urgent questions: Is our surveillance system failing? Are migratory birds outsmarting biosecurity? The Bullvine dives into the controversy and what it means for your operation – and your profits. Spoiler: The answers aren’t pretty.
The Alarming Resurgence: A Systemic Failure?
The March 2025 detection at a 600-head Stearns County dairy – Minnesota’s first livestock case since summer 2024 – exposes critical gaps in the state’s H5N1 response. While officials tout their mandatory raw milk testing program as proactive, this repeat infection on a previously affected farm suggests systemic flaws.
How Did This Happen Again? The farm, part of Minnesota’s 1,600-dairy herd surveillance network, tested positive during routine monthly bulk milk sampling. Yet despite being flagged last summer, it remained vulnerable to reinfection. Michael Crusan of the Minnesota Board of Animal Health attributes this to Stearns County’s status as a migratory bird hotspot, where wild waterfowl may reintroduce the virus.
But experts warn this explanation oversimplifies the issue. USDA reports reveal that shared equipment, personnel movement between farms, and cohabitation with poultry or cats are equally critical risk factors. The reinfected farm’s history of H5N1 raises questions about whether biosecurity protocols were truly enforced – or merely checked boxes.
Quarantine: The Financial Double-Edged Sword
The farm now faces a 30+ day quarantine, with strict restrictions on animal movement, manure disposal, and waste milk handling. While necessary, these measures carry steep costs for producers.
The Hidden Burdens of Quarantine
Waste Milk Management: Farms must develop plans to dispose of non-saleable milk without spreading the virus. This often requires pasteurization systems, but USDA’s $28,000 biosecurity grants may offset costs.
Permit Hurdles: Moving animals or materials off-site requires special approvals, complicating routine operations.
Economic Pressures: Quarantined herds face reduced output and higher compliance costs, straining already thin margins.
ELAP’s 60-Day Caveat To qualify for USDA’s Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees, and Farm-raised Fish Program (ELAP), producers must prove ownership of affected cows for at least 60 days before the outbreak. This excludes short-term operators, leaving many without relief.
Limited Scope: Bulk milk samples detect widespread herd infections but may not catch early-stage cases.
Delayed Action: Confirming a positive result requires follow-up sampling, potentially allowing the virus to spread before quarantine begins.
Human Error: Shared equipment, cross-contaminated feed, and poor PPE compliance remain unchecked by testing alone.
The USDA’s 2024 report on H5N1-affected farms identified shared personnel and vehicles as primary spread vectors. Minnesota’s testing program does nothing to address these risks.
The Human Cost: Farmers vs. Fowl
While public health officials downplay risks (“low concern” for consumers), dairy workers face real dangers. The CDC reports 70 U.S. cases of human H5N1 infection, including Wisconsin and Iowa dairy workers.
On the Front Lines
PPE Challenges: Farmers struggle to source N95 masks, gloves, and eye protection amid supply chain issues. The USDA is funding PPE distribution and worker safety studies, but access remains uneven.
Compliance Fatigue: Repeated outbreaks erode trust in biosecurity protocols.
Economic Pressures: Processors may reject milk from quarantined farms, forcing producers to dump valuable product.
A Stearns County farmer, speaking anonymously, vented: “We’re stuck between birds and bureaucrats. No one’s solving the real problem – just patching holes.”
H5N1’s Economic Toll
The USDA’s ELAP program reimburses producers for milk losses based on a 21-day no-production period followed by 7 days at 50% output. Payments are calculated as: For example, a 500-cow herd with a $2,000 per-head rate and 100% milk share would receive $900,000 (500 × $2,000 × 1 × 0.9).
Genetic Testing: Tracing virus strains to identify human error vs. wild bird transmission.
Minnesota’s current strategy – testing milk and hoping – pales by comparison.
Provocative Takeaways
Surveillance ≠ Prevention: Testing identifies problems but doesn’t fix them.
Biosecurity Is a Mirage: Unless enforced rigorously, protocols mean nothing.
Farmers Are Scapegoated: Blaming migratory birds ignores human factors in spread.
Insurers Are Watching: H5N1 could become a permanent risk factor, raising premiums.
The Bullvine’s Call to Action
This reinfected farm isn’t an outlier – it’s a canary in the coal mine. The Bullvine demands:
Transparency: Publish H5N1 case maps showing migratory bird corridors.
Accountability: Audit farms with repeated outbreaks for biosecurity compliance.
Innovation: Fund research into AI-resistant cattle breeds or feed additives.
H5N1 isn’t going away. Neither are the systemic failures enabling its spread. The Bullvine challenges you: Stop treating biosecurity as a checkbox and start treating it as a survival strategy. Your profits – and your herds – depend on it.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
Bird flu bombshell: One cow loses 900kg milk, never recovers, costs $950. Cornell’s study reveals that 76% of infections are invisible. Is your herd next?
The dairy industry just got hit with cold, hard proof of what smart producers have feared all along: bird flu isn’t just another disease—it’s a financial wrecking ball that obliterates production and profits alike.
Cornell researchers have confirmed the nightmare scenario: cows lose a shocking 900kg of milk over just two months with absolutely no sign of recovery. While industry “experts” have been downplaying the impact, the real number is a staggering $950 lost per cow—and that’s likely just the tip of the iceberg.
As this virus rampages through herds, with 76% of infections lurking silently, it’s time to face facts: this could be the most significant production threat you’ll face this decade, and most operations aren’t prepared.
CORNELL DROPS A BOMB ON INDUSTRY ASSUMPTIONS
The just-released Cornell University study examining an Ohio dairy operation has blown the lid off industry platitudes about H5N1’s impact. Their meticulous analysis of a 3,900-cow herd over 67 days from March to April 2024 paints a financial horror story that should have every producer’s attention.
“Within five days of receiving the samples, we identified HPAI in association with this outbreak in dairy cows.”
— Dr. Diego Diel, Cornell University.
The numbers are staggering. When the virus tore through this operation, it infected 20% of the herd—that’s 777 animals hammered by a disease we’re still learning how to manage.
But here’s the terrifying part: 76% of infected cows showed no symptoms while still spreading the virus. Think about that. Three of four infected animals in your herd could be silently spreading disease while showing nothing abnormal to the naked eye.
The future wasn’t bright for those animals unlucky enough to show clinical signs. These cows were 3.6 times more likely to be culled from the herd, creating a devastating ripple effect of lost genetics and replacement costs on top of the immediate production losses.
ONE COW DESTROYS PRODUCTION
The most sobering revelation? This entire catastrophe was traced back to a single healthy cow from Texas. Just 13 days after introduction, the first clinical case appeared, followed by new cases every day for three weeks.
Let’s cut through the bull—when was the last time you evaluated your herd’s biosecurity protocols? Last week? Last month? Last year? Because one breakdown could cost you everything.
The disease spread like wildfire through the operation. Seroprevalence testing revealed that nearly 90% of the 637 animals present during the clinical phase showed positive antibodies, demonstrating how efficiently this virus transmits from cow to cow.
Even more concerning, antibodies appeared in 17 of 42 dry cows, proving that non-lactating animals aren’t safe from infection and can serve as viral reservoirs.
REAL FARM EXPERIENCE: “WE CAUGHT IT EARLY AND STILL GOT HAMMERED”
“We noticed a 5% drop in milk production across the herd about a week before any clinical signs appeared. Our rumination monitoring system flagged 27 cows with decreased activity. When we separated those animals, testing confirmed H5N1 in 19 of them. Even with immediate action, our total losses still reached $175,000 across our 500-cow operation.”
— James Wentworth, Sunshine Dairy, California.
Wentworth’s experience mirrors what Cornell researchers documented—early detection through technology helped limit the spread, but the economic impact remained substantial. His operation’s extensive use of rumination collars provided the crucial early warning that helped contain what could have been an even worse scenario.
THE PRODUCTION MASSACRE: NUMBERS THAT WILL KEEP YOU UP AT NIGHT
If you think mastitis hits your milk check hard, bird flu will make those losses look like pocket change. Two weeks post-infection, affected cows saw milk production collapse by nearly three-fourths (73%)—plummeting from a respectable 35kg daily to a pathetic 10 kilograms.
H5N1 MAKES MASTITIS LOOK LIKE A PAPER CUT
Impact Measure
H5N1 Bird Flu
Severe Mastitis
Peak Production Loss
35kg per day
Up to 18kg per day
Recovery Time
No recovery after 60+ days
Typically 2-3 weeks
Total Milk Loss
901.2kg over 2 months
100-200kg typical
Financial Impact
$950 per cow
$200-300 per case
Unlike mastitis, which typically causes losses up to 18kg, H5N1 slashes production by double that amount. Even worse, these animals never bounced back—showing no return to pre-infection production levels even after 60 days of observation.
The total production loss per cow? A jaw-dropping 901.2kg over the two months.
The Cornell team’s findings utterly contradict industry messaging, suggesting infected cows typically lose 10-20% of production for just 7-10 days. The reality is far grimmer and longer-lasting, with impacts that will wreck your bottom line long after the acute phase of the outbreak has passed.
WARNING SIGNALS YOUR TEAM MIGHT MISS
Here’s where investing in rumination tags and parlor automation pays off. The Cornell team documented that rumination time and milk production began declining approximately five days before clinical diagnosis was possible.
Without sophisticated monitoring systems tracking individual cows, these early warning signs go unnoticed until the disease firmly establishes itself in your herd.
“The cows in Texas weren’t producing as much milk, and milk consistency was very different. The cows had mild respiratory signs, weren’t eating well, and some had short-term, low-grade fevers.” — Dr. Elisha Frye, Assistant Professor of Practice, Cornell University
When symptoms finally do appear, the main clinical signs include:
Thickened, abnormal milk
Decreased feed intake
Lethargy and low-grade fever
Mild respiratory signs
Occasionally diarrhea
Unlike in poultry, where bird flu causes devastating mortality, cattle generally recover from the virus—but the production losses linger for months.
YOUR MILK CHECK SLAUGHTERED: THE FINANCIAL CARNAGE
When the Cornell team crunched the numbers, they calculated losses of approximately $950 per affected cow, with total farm losses reaching a staggering $737,500 over the observation period. That’s three-quarters of a million dollars evaporating from one operation in just over two months.
And that’s likely a conservative estimate. The researchers emphasized that the actual cost could be substantially higher when accounting for reproductive disruptions, labor complications, medical interventions, enhanced biosecurity measures, and other operational impacts.
These additional factors suggest many operations could face seven-figure losses from severe outbreaks.
THE MATH DOESN’T LIE: WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOUR OPERATION
Here’s the reality no one wants to talk about—what happens when bird flu hits your farm:
Herd Size
If 20% Infected
Estimated Financial Loss
200 cows
40 cows
$38,000
500 cows
100 cows
$95,000
1,000 cows
200 cows
$190,000
3,900 cows (like study herd)
777 cows
$737,500
Your herd’s production is hanging by a thread if you’re unprepared for this financial impact.
IS YOUR INSURANCE READY FOR THIS?
Most standard farm insurance policies do not specifically cover disease outbreaks, creating a dangerous gap in protection. According to National Cattlemen’s Beef Association insurance specialists, traditional business interruption coverage typically excludes infectious disease losses unless specifically endorsed.
According to dairy risk management consultant David Kohl from Virginia Tech, specialized business interruption policies that cover disease outbreaks exist but remain uncommon in the dairy sector. “Fewer than 10% of operations have adequate protection against a severe outbreak like H5N1,” Kohl noted in a January 2025 industry assessment.
The USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) offers limited indemnity payments only for animals that must be destroyed, not for production losses—leaving most farms exposed to the full financial impact of H5N1.
YOUR BEST PRODUCERS ARE MOST AT RISK
Adding insult to injury, your highest-producing multiparous cows face the most significant risk of clinical disease. The Cornell study documented significantly higher vulnerability among these animals than first-lactation or dry cows.
This observation has also appeared in other studies, suggesting a possible link between cumulative exposure to the milking process and clinical disease susceptibility.
Scientists have discovered why this happens: H5N1 has a predilection for the udder due to specific receptors in the mammary gland. This targeting results in massive amounts of infectious virus excreted directly in milk.
In plain language, the virus doesn’t just happen to affect milk production—it deliberately targets the udder because the mammary tissue contains the exact cellular machinery the virus needs to replicate efficiently. This explains why your best milk producers get hit the hardest—their actively producing mammary tissue provides the perfect environment for viral replication.
Regarding H5N1, your best cows have targets on their backs.
NEW STRAINS CHANGING THE GAME
Here’s what’s keeping scientists up at night: bird flu isn’t standing still. While the original dairy cattle outbreaks starting in March 2024 were caused by H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.13, a new threat emerged in 2025.
“When there is a spillover of HPAI to a new species, especially to mammals, it is always concerning, as the virus may adapt and gain the ability to transmit between animals.”
— Dr. Diego Diel, Associate Professor of Virology, Cornell University.
On January 31, 2025, the USDA confirmed the first detection of a different strain—H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype D1.1—in dairy cattle in Nevada. This represents an entirely new spillover from wild birds to cattle.
By early February, Arizona had also reported D1.1 in dairy cattle, confirming the virus is actively finding new pathways into herds.
This is concerning because the D1.1 strain includes mutations that may help the virus infect mammals more efficiently. Scientists have identified a PB2 D701N mutation in some D1.1 sequences and a PB2 E627K mutation in a B3.13 sequence. Both mutations improve the virus’s ability to replicate in mammalian cells.
What does this mean in practical terms? These mutations are like installing a better key in a lock—they allow the virus to “unlock” mammalian cells more efficiently, leading to faster replication and potentially more severe disease. Every time the virus jumps to a new mammalian host, it gets another opportunity to develop these adaptations.
Is your operation ready for not just one but multiple strains of this devastating virus?
HOW THEY’RE FINDING IT: NATIONAL TESTING STRATEGY
The good news? The USDA’s National Milk Testing Strategy began in December 2024 and actively identifies outbreaks. The program collects raw milk samples from processing facility silos across 45 states, allowing detection of the virus before clinical signs appear in many cases.
The D1.1 outbreaks in Nevada and Arizona were both identified through this silo testing program.
As of January 3, 2025, the USDA had reported influenza A(H5N1) in a staggering 915 dairy herds across 16 states, with California bearing the brunt of the crisis with 699 affected herds. This isn’t a minor issue—it’s an industry-defining crisis that’s still expanding.
Their sampling included pasteurized milk, cheese, butter, ice cream, and even aged raw milk cheese products. All pasteurized samples tested negative for viable virus.
Product Type
Number Tested
Results for Viable H5N1
Testing Method
Pasteurized Milk
Multiple samples from 464 total
All Negative
qRT-PCR + egg inoculation
Cheese
Multiple samples from 464 total
All Negative
qRT-PCR + egg inoculation
Butter
Multiple samples from 464 total
All Negative
qRT-PCR + egg inoculation
Ice Cream
Multiple samples from 464 total
All Negative
qRT-PCR + egg inoculation
Aged Raw Milk Cheese
Included in 297 retail samples
All Negative
qRT-PCR + egg inoculation
This confirms that the established pasteurization process eliminates the virus from retail dairy products, protecting consumer safety even as the industry grapples with the production crisis.
According to a UW-Madison study, pasteurization is 99.99 percent effective in inactivating the H5N1 virus in milk, supporting the belief that the commercial milk supply remains safe.
The virus may be wrecking your production, but at least it’s not triggering consumer panic about milk safety.
QUESTIONS TO ASK YOUR MILK BUYER TODAY
With H5N1 spreading rapidly, don’t wait for your processor to come to you. Ask these questions now:
What protocols have you established for milk from confirmed positive herds?
Will you continue accepting milk from my operation if we have confirmed cases?
What testing procedures are being implemented beyond the USDA silo sampling?
Is there any premium or incentive program for operations implementing enhanced biosecurity?
What documentation will you require if my operation has confirmed cases?
Clarifying these issues before an outbreak hits your operation gives you valuable time to prepare alternative strategies.
RAW VS. PASTEURIZED: A STAGGERING RISK DIFFERENCE
Here it is if you need another reason to avoid raw milk consumption. Cornell University’s quantitative risk assessment paints a shocking picture of the safety difference:
Milk Type
Probability of H5N1 Infection per 240mL Serving
Relative Risk
Pasteurized Milk
5.68E-15 (0.00000000000000568)
Virtually Zero
Farm-Store Raw Milk
1.13E-03 (0.00113)
198,943,661,972× Higher
That’s not a typo. The risk from raw milk is nearly 200 TRILLION times higher than pasteurized milk.
The FDA’s longstanding position is that unpasteurized raw milk can harbor dangerous microorganisms that pose serious health risks, and they’re reminding consumers of these risks in light of the H5N1 detections.
REGULATORY RESPONSE: STATES TAKING ACTION
Regulatory agencies aren’t sitting idle. Starting July 22, 2024, Colorado became the first state to mandate weekly testing for all licensed dairy farms. Though pasteurization has proven highly effective in inactivating the H5N1 virus, Colorado leads the nation in human cases of H5N1, including several new cases in poultry farm workers.
The FDA has also issued guidance letters to state, territorial, and tribal partners offering recommendations regarding the sale and consumption of raw milk amid the outbreak.
Additionally, they’ve launched a new sampling assignment specifically for aged raw cow’s milk cheese, which began December 23, 2024, and is expected to yield results by the end of March 2025.
WHAT SMART PRODUCERS ARE DOING RIGHT NOW
The Cornell findings make it clear: this isn’t just another disease to shrug off. Competent dairy operators are implementing aggressive countermeasures:
Locking down biosecurity: Given that one infected animal introduced from Texas triggered this entire disaster, reinforcing isolation protocols for new arrivals is no longer optional.
Investing in monitoring technology: Systems tracking rumination and individual milk production can catch infections 5 days before clinical signs appear, potentially enabling earlier isolation of affected animals.
Financial contingency planning: With losses potentially exceeding $950 per affected cow and lasting at least 60 days, operations need financial buffers to weather extended production crashes.
Enhanced surveillance for multiparous cows: Since these animals face higher risk, prioritizing monitoring of your established producers could enable faster interventions.
Looking beyond bulk tank metrics, the researchers noted that “persistent milk loss could be overlooked when only examining herd-level milk production.” Individual cow monitoring is essential to capturing the full economic impact.
SUCCESS STORY: EARLY DETECTION SAVED MILLIONS
Horizon Dairy in Wisconsin demonstrates the benefits of effective monitoring. In November 2024, when its rumination monitoring system flagged a 12% decrease in rumination time across a group of 60 cows, it immediately isolated the group and tested for H5N1.
“By catching it early, we limited the spread to just 97 of our 2,800 cows,” explains operations manager Sarah Jensen. “We estimate this early detection saved us over $1.2 million in potential losses.”
Jensen credits their success to three key factors: 24-hour rumination monitoring with automated alerts, a dedicated isolation protocol that could be implemented within hours, and regular staff training on H5N1 warning signs.
ADAPT OR DIE: FIVE ACTIONS TO TAKE THIS WEEK
While this Cornell study focused on a single operation, it examined a typical total-mixed-ration-fed, free-stall herd representing many commercial dairies.
The researchers emphasized that while “differences in farm style, geographic region, or management practices may result in higher or lower economic losses,” their findings “highlight the high impact of influenza A H5N1 virus to the US dairy industry, as the virus continues to circulate and cause economic losses to dairy producers”.
“We will study how HPAI spilled into dairy cows to understand why this outbreak happened. Several fundamental questions about its source and the risk of transmission to other animals and humans need to be addressed.”
— Dr. Diego Diel, Cornell University.
With H5N1 now established in the national dairy herd and multiple genotypes actively spreading, every producer needs to treat this as a permanent threat requiring ongoing vigilance.
The combination of silent spread, devastating production impacts, and prolonged recovery periods makes this disease unlike anything the industry has faced before. Those who adapt quickly will survive; those who don’t might not be in business next year.
Don’t wait another day. Take these five concrete actions THIS WEEK:
Implement a 21-day isolation protocol for all new animals – Based on the Cornell study, clinical signs appeared 13 days after introduction, with an entire three-week spread period. Visit the USDA APHIS website (www.aphis.usda.gov/animal-health/hpai/dairy) for their updated isolation protocol template.
Contact your monitoring system provider about H5N1 early warning settings – Most modern rumination monitoring systems can be configured with specific alerts for the pattern of decline seen in H5N1 cases. Ask specifically about the 5-day pre-clinical detection window identified by Cornell.
Review your insurance coverage specifically for disease outbreaks – Most standard policies exclude these losses. Contact your agent about specialized Business Interruption coverage with explicit infectious disease inclusion.
Develop a written H5N1 response plan with your veterinarian – The American Association of Bovine Practitioners (www.aabp.org) has published a template specifically for dairy operations.
Schedule H5N1 training for all employees – Even part-time staff need to recognize early warning signs. The National Milk Producers Federation offers free training materials in multiple languages at www.nmpf.org/biosecurity-resources.
Is your operation ready for the bird flu reality? Because ready or not, it’s coming.
Key Takeaways
Production devastation: H5N1 causes 73% milk production collapse (35kg to 10kg daily) with no recovery after 60 days, totaling 900 kilograms lost per cow—nearly five times worse than severe mastitis
Silent spread threat: 76% of infections show no symptoms, allowing undetected transmission throughout herds, with new virus strains (including D1.1 genotype) emerging with enhanced mammalian adaptations
Early warning potential: Monitoring systems can detect infection 5 days before clinical signs through decreased rumination and production, enabling crucial early isolation
Financial catastrophe: Losses average $950 per affected cow, with average operations facing $95,000-$190,000 in damages that most insurance policies exclude
Immediate action required: Implement 21-day isolation protocols for new animals, configure monitoring systems for early detection, review insurance coverage, develop response plans with veterinarians, and train all staff on warning signs
Executive Summary
Cornell University researchers have documented devastating impacts from H5N1 bird flu in dairy cattle, with infected cows losing a staggering 900kg of milk over just two months and showing no signs of recovery even after 60 days. The study revealed that three-quarters of infected cows display no symptoms, allowing silent spread throughout herds before detection, with high-producing multiparous cows at the most significant risk. Economic losses average $950 per affected cow, with one operation losing $737,500, vastly exceeding previous industry estimates of $100-200 per case. Early detection is possible through monitoring systems that identify decreased rumination and production five days before clinical signs appear, potentially saving operations millions through rapid isolation protocols. With multiple virus strains circulating in U.S. dairy herds across 16 states, immediate implementation of enhanced biosecurity, monitoring technology, and response planning is critical for operational survival.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
H5N1 strikes dairy farms with devastating stealth: 90% infection rates, $737,500 losses, and viral spread BEFORE symptoms appear. Is your herd next?
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Cornell research reveals H5N1 avian influenza has established itself in U.S. dairy herds with devastating financial implications, causing approximately $950 in losses per clinically affected cow and striking nearly 90% of animals in infected operations with most showing no obvious symptoms. The virus reaches peak loads within 1-2 days and spreads for 6+ days, often before clinical signs appear, making traditional visual monitoring ineffective. While FDA testing confirms pasteurized milk remains safe for consumers, the rapid transmission kinetics and genetic evolution of the virus demand immediate enhancements to biosecurity protocols. Forward-thinking producers must implement comprehensive biosecurity measures, enhanced monitoring systems, and breeding strategies that prioritize resilience before spring breeding season to protect their operations from potential financial devastation.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Scientific evidence shows infected cows lose approximately 900kg of milk over 60 days, with total losses reaching $737,500 in a single 3,900-cow operation
H5N1 spreads with alarming efficiency – 90% of herd exposure despite only 20% showing clinical symptoms, and virus peaks within 48 hours of infection
Immediate action is required BEFORE spring breeding season: implement enhanced milk monitoring, isolation protocols for genetic material, and comprehensive biosecurity plans
Breeding programs should track genetic resilience to H5N1, focusing on recovery efficiency and potential markers for superior immune response
Standard pasteurization effectively eliminates H5N1 from milk, with FDA testing confirming zero viable virus in 297 retail samples despite widespread bulk tank contamination
The nightmare scenario dairy farmers have feared is officially here, backed by complex scientific data and carrying profound implications for herd health and farm economics. H5N1 avian influenza has found a new home in America’s dairy herds, spreading with alarming efficiency and challenging our traditional biosecurity assumptions. While experts continue researching this unprecedented situation, one thing is becoming increasingly clear: the dairy industry must rapidly adapt to this emerging threat before more operations face devastating consequences.
THE INVISIBLE THREAT: UNDERSTANDING H5N1’S STEALTH ATTACK
What makes H5N1 particularly dangerous is how quickly it establishes itself in dairy herds. Recent scientific research published in February 2025 reveals that peak viral loads rapidly reach within 1-2 days following infection, with a population mean Ct value of 16.9. This rapid onset gives producers little time to identify and respond to outbreaks.
“Following infection, dairy cattle reach peak viral loads within 1-2 days and remain infectious for a median duration of 6.2 days – often before showing any clinical symptoms.”
Even more concerning, researchers have identified that dairy cattle remain infectious for a median duration of 6.2 days. During this critical window, infected animals efficiently spread the virus throughout your operation while potentially appearing utterly normal during the early stages of infection.
The smoking gun? Milk. The evidence is clear: raw milk from infected herds contains significant viral loads. In a comprehensive study of 275 bulk tank samples from affected states, researchers found 57.5% tested positive for influenza A genetic material, with 24.8% of those samples containing infectious virus at concerning levels – averaging 3.5 log10 EID50 per milliliter. These aren’t just numbers – they represent unprecedented virus shedding that explains the wildfire-like spread through affected herds.
Texas Outbreak Reveals Dangerous Evolution
The outbreak’s origin in Texas deserves special attention. Groundbreaking research published just this month (March 2025) has identified specific mutations that make this virus particularly concerning. Scientists comparing human and bovine isolates from Texas found that the PB2 protein in the human isolate showed enhanced polymerase activity, primarily due to an E627K mutation. This mutation and others identified (E362G and M631L) contributed to increased viral replication and pathogenicity.
This molecular evidence confirms what many have feared – the virus adapts as it moves between species, potentially becoming more efficient at replication in mammalian hosts. The threat isn’t static but evolving for dairy producers, requiring vigilance and updated protocols as new information emerges.
THE FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS: COUNTING THE REAL COSTS
When H5N1 hits your dairy, the production impacts can be substantial. While specific financial losses will vary by operation size, management approach, and outbreak severity, the documented economic consequences demand immediate attention from forward-thinking producers.
The Cornell researchers documented precisely how these numbers played out in a real-world outbreak. As shown below, the financial impact is substantial and scientifically verified:
H5N1 Impact Metrics
Verified Data from Ohio Outbreak
Economic loss per clinically affected cow
$950
Milk production loss per affected cow
900 kg over 60 days
Total cost for 3,900-cow operation
$737,500
Percentage of herd showing clinical disease
20%
Percentage of herd with H5N1 antibodies
Nearly 90%
“One Ohio dairy operation watched $737,500 evaporate from their bottom line in just 60 days due to H5N1 – approximately the cost of a new high-end milking parlor.”
The financial math gets serious quickly. With an infected cow’s production potentially compromised for weeks, the cumulative impact across even a moderate-sized herd can rapidly escalate into tens or hundreds of thousands in lost revenue. And that doesn’t account for longer-term genetic and replacement implications that may continue affecting your operation months after the initial outbreak.
THE MILK SAFETY BATTLEGROUND: SCIENCE SPEAKS CLEARLY
While H5N1’s impact on dairy operations is undeniable, the latest research provides reassuring news about milk safety. According to a September 2024 study published in the Journal of Dairy Science, the theoretical transmission of avian influenza through consumption of affected milk depends on several critical parameters that have been closely studied.
Research has evaluated the initial levels of infective virus in raw milk, how long the virus maintains infectivity over time, and, most importantly, the impact pasteurization and other typical milk-processing parameters have on virus inactivation.
These findings were further validated using a pilot-scale continuous-flow pasteurizer that closely simulates commercial processing systems. Among all replicates at two different flow rates, no viable virus was detected post-pasteurization. This provides strong scientific evidence that properly pasteurized milk remains safe for consumption.
The FDA has conducted extensive retail testing to verify that commercial milk remains safe, with results conclusively showing no viable virus in the marketplace:
FDA Retail Milk Safety Testing (2024-2025)
Sample Size
Viable H5N1 Virus Detected
First FDA survey
130
None
Second FDA survey (June-July 2024)
167
None
Total retail samples tested
297
None
“Despite testing 297 retail milk samples in multiple FDA surveys, researchers found ZERO viable H5N1 virus in the commercial milk supply – pasteurization works.”
However, detecting H5N1 genetic material in one out of five retail pasteurized milk samples in the USA emphasizes the need for continued vigilance and monitoring throughout the dairy supply chain. The research is clear: commercial pasteurization works, but raw milk remains a high-risk product in the context of H5N1.
BREEDING IMPLICATIONS: GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE H5N1 ERA
Progressive breeding programs should consider the following:
Resilience tracking: Recording which genetic lines maintain better production during and after infection
Recovery efficiency: Monitoring time to production recovery among different sire groups
Cross-breeding implications: Evaluating whether certain breed combinations show improved resistance
Immune response markers: Beginning to collect data on potential genetic markers for superior immune response
The genetic time bomb aspect of H5N1 cannot be overlooked. With each infected animal providing millions of opportunities for viral mutation, strategic breeding decisions become essential for production efficiency and disease resilience.
BEYOND THE MILKING STRING: VIRAL KINETICS REVEAL NEW CHALLENGES
Recent research has illuminated critical insights about how H5N1 behaves in dairy cattle. Scientists have established that a Ct value of 21.5 represents a critical threshold – values above this level indicate little to no infectious viral load. This provides a valuable benchmark for testing and monitoring programs.
“While only 20% of cows showed clinical disease in the Ohio outbreak, Cornell researchers detected H5N1 antibodies in nearly 90% of the herd – revealing the true scale of silent infection.”
The science also reveals why this virus spreads so efficiently through dairy operations. With infected animals reaching peak viral loads within 1-2 days and remaining infectious for nearly a week, the virus has ample opportunity to establish itself throughout a herd before clinical signs might alert producers to its presence.
These findings demand a comprehensive whole-farm approach to biosecurity. Regardless of production status, every animal must be considered in your protection strategy. The rapid infection timeline means traditional visual monitoring alone is insufficient – proactive testing and monitoring systems become essential components of modern dairy management in the H5N1 era.
“In the H5N1 era, traditional visual monitoring alone is insufficient – proactive testing and enhanced biosecurity protocols are essential for operational survival.”
WHAT SAVVY PRODUCERS MUST DO NOW: THE BULL VINE’S SURVIVAL CHECKLIST
The scientific data points to one crystal-clear conclusion: the dairy industry’s standard biosecurity playbook needs significant enhancement. Producers who want to stay ahead of this threat should implement a more aggressive approach:
Enhanced Milk Monitoring: Research shows that 57.5% of bulk tank samples from affected regions test positive for influenza A genetic material. Implement regular screening of your bulk tank milk as an early warning system.
Understand Viral Kinetics: Recognize that infected animals reach peak viral loads within 1-2 days and remain infectious for approximately 6 days. This rapid timeline requires equally rapid response protocols.
Pasteurization Protocols: If you operate an on-farm processing facility, ensure strict adherence to validated pasteurization parameters (72°C/161°F for 15 seconds or 63°C for 30 minutes) to ensure complete viral inactivation.
Before Spring Breeding Season Starts
Implement comprehensive biosecurity plans specific to reproductive management
Establish isolation protocols for all incoming genetic material
Create contingency plans for breeding programs if an outbreak occurs
Document baseline production metrics to quickly identify potential outbreaks
Train all staff on early detection protocol implementation
5 Questions to Gut-Check Your Operation
Does your biosecurity plan account for a virus that spreads before symptoms appear?
Can you detect a production drop within 24-48 hours of occurrence?
Is your milk testing protocol more comprehensive than your standard SCC tests?
Have you calculated your financial resilience to a 2-month production disruption?
Does your team understand the critical action steps if H5N1 is suspected?
THE BRUTAL BOTTOM LINE: ADAPT OR FACE THE CONSEQUENCES
The H5N1 situation represents a watershed moment for the American dairy industry. This isn’t just another disease challenge – it’s a fundamental test of our ability to adapt to emerging biological threats.
The combination of rapid viral kinetics, high transmission efficiency, and significant presence in milk creates an unprecedented challenge for dairy operations. The scientific research isn’t just academic – it provides crucial insights for producers determined to protect their herds and livelihoods.
For dairy farmers, the choice is clear: implement enhanced biosecurity protocols based on the latest scientific understanding or risk facing the consequences. The message for industry organizations and regulatory agencies is equally clear: ongoing research, monitoring, and support are essential as this situation continues to evolve.
As one of the most resilient agricultural sectors, the dairy industry has weathered countless storms. With science-based approaches, transparent communication, and proactive management, American Dairy will navigate this challenge as it has so many others – by facing reality head-on and adapting to ensure continued success.
Join over 30,000 successful dairy professionals who rely on Bullvine Daily for their competitive edge. Delivered directly to your inbox each week, our exclusive industry insights help you make smarter decisions while saving precious hours every week. Never miss critical updates on milk production trends, breakthrough technologies, and profit-boosting strategies that top producers are already implementing. Subscribe now to transform your dairy operation’s efficiency and profitability—your future success is just one click away.
After California’s dairy industry battled devastating HPAI outbreaks affecting nearly 70% of the state’s farms, new data shows infection rates declining significantly. The Bullvine examines what the recovery pattern means for your operation and why market impacts defied expectations.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
The dairy industry is turning the corner on HPAI impacts, with infection rates slowing significantly after affecting approximately 650 herds (70% of California’s dairy farms). Historical patterns from Colorado and other states suggest production typically recovers within three months of peak infection, with milk per cow output returning to growth. Despite production challenges that dropped California’s output to a 20-year low and resulted in approximately $400 million in lost revenue, market impacts proved counterintuitive. January 2025 data shows overall U.S. milk production increased slightly (0.1%), with component-adjusted output up 2.2%, despite California’s 5.7% decline. Farmgate milk prices have stabilized at $21.75/cwt while the national dairy herd unexpectedly expanded by 10,000 head, suggesting the industry is entering a recovery phase despite ongoing challenges.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
California’s HPAI outbreak affected nearly 650 herds (70% of the state’s dairy farms) since August 2024
November 2024 production fell 9.2% to 2.957 billion pounds, a 20-year low for California
Production typically recovers within three months of peak infection, based on Colorado’s experience
January 2025 data shows U.S. production up 0.1% overall, with California still down 5.7%
Enhanced biosecurity measures, including heat-treating milk for calves, remain essential
The dairy industry is turning the corner on what veterinary experts call the most significant disease challenge in a generation. After HPAI decimated California production, sending November milk flows plummeting by 301 million pounds (-9.2%), we finally see concrete evidence that the viral storm is subsiding. Recent USDA data shows new infection cases dropping dramatically while production metrics gradually improve, offering a lifeline to producers who’ve weathered this unprecedented challenge.
BREAKING DOWN THE RECOVERY NUMBERS
The dramatic decline in new HPAI cases reported in recent months signals a potential turning point in the outbreak. While California initially recorded 105 confirmed cases just two months into its outbreak—with rumors of another 400 suspected cases that could be confirmed—the infection rate has significantly slowed. According to recent figures, approximately 650 herds (nearly 70% of California’s dairies) have been affected by the virus since August 2024.
This pattern mirrors what occurred in Colorado, where 59% of dairy farms were infected over the summer of 2024. The Colorado experience provides valuable insight into the recovery trajectory: milk production per cow was down 2.7% year-over-year in June, improved slightly to a 2.3% decline in July, and showed further improvement to just a 1% reduction in August before returning to growth. This consistent pattern suggests that affected states typically recover production capacity within approximately three months after peak infection rates.
California’s significance to national dairy production cannot be overstated. In 2023, California produced 18.1% of U.S. milk, 17.5% of cheese, 32.2% of butter, and approximately 50% of combined nonfat dry milk (NFDM) and skim milk powder (SMP). When production in California falters, the ripple effects are felt throughout the national supply chain.
Table 1: January 2025 Milk Production Year-Over-Year Changes
Region
Production Change (%)
Notes
United States (Overall)
+0.1%
Component-adjusted production up 2.2%
California
-5.7%
Ongoing HPAI impacts
Rest of Country
+1.4%
Led by Wisconsin and Texas
WHY MILK PRICES DEFIED PRODUCER EXPECTATIONS
One of the most surprising aspects of the HPAI outbreak has been its complex and sometimes counterintuitive impact on dairy markets. Despite widespread expectations that reduced milk output would drive prices higher, the reality proved more nuanced.
Butter prices reached their lowest level since January 2024 during what should have been peak demand season. This unexpected market behavior stemmed from surprisingly strong butter production, which ran ahead of the previous year every month in 2024, with August showing a remarkable 14.5% increase. This production strength suggests processors could adapt quickly, even as farm-level milk production faced challenges.
Cheese markets presented a different puzzle. Despite stocks turning out lower than expected and dropping 6.4% year-over-year in August 2024, cheese prices showed unexpected weakness. Without additional data, analysts have attributed this to potentially softening demand rather than supply constraints.
Nonfat dry milk (NFDM) markets have responded most logically to California’s production challenges. With California producing approximately half of the country’s NFDM and SMP, this product category was most vulnerable to disruption. The CME spot NFDM price has maintained support around $1.35 despite global SMP prices being 5-10 cents cheaper per pound, suggesting the California production situation has supported NFDM values.
Table 2: HPAI Economic Impact in California
Metric
Value
Period
Production Decline
-9.2%
November 2024 (YoY)
Volume
2.957 billion pounds
November 2024
Revenue Loss
~$400 million
From outbreak impact
Historical Context
20-year low
Last below 3bn pounds in 2004
Affected Herds
~650 (70% of state dairies)
Since August 2024
REWRITING THE PRODUCTION PLAYBOOK FOR 2025
In its February report, the USDA reduced its 2025 milk production forecast to 226.9 billion pounds, a decrease of 400 million pounds from previous estimates. This adjustment was based on recent Milk Production and Cattle Inventory Reports that revealed a tighter supply of dairy heifers than expected. The World Agricultural Outlook Board indicates mixed price movement across dairy products, with cheese prices increasing slightly ($0.02 per pound) while butter decreased ($0.05 per pound), nonfat dry milk dropped ($0.04 per pound), and dry whey reduced ($0.03 per pound).
The pricing outlook reflects these dynamic market conditions, with farmgate milk prices stabilizing at $21.75 per hundredweight. Some price adjustments can be attributed to changes in the Federal Milk Marketing Order, particularly for class prices, which are calculated differently under the new system.
Table 3: U.S. Dairy Industry Current Indicators (January-February 2025)
The HPAI experience has fundamentally transformed biosecurity practices across the dairy industry. The Maryland Department of Agriculture’s December guidance offers a template that forward-thinking producers nationwide are adopting. These enhanced measures include restricting access to livestock areas with proper signage and secured gates, implementing rigorous sanitation protocols, and limiting exposure between species.
The management of milk diverted from commercial channels is critical. The FDA strongly recommends that any milk used for feeding calves be heat-treated to kill potential pathogens. Once considered optional in many operations, this practice is increasingly considered an essential standard operating procedure during and after the HPAI outbreak.
The USDA’s comprehensive National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS) represents another significant shift in industry practice. This structured testing system aims to identify affected states and herds, enhance biosecurity measures, prevent transmission, and protect the dairy workforce from exposure. The program has a five-stage implementation approach, beginning with nationwide testing of milk silos at processing facilities and progressing through increasingly targeted surveillance as infection rates decline.
DEBUNKING MARKET MYTHS: WHY BUTTER PRICES FELL DESPITE PRODUCTION DROPS
The butter market performance perfectly illustrates this disconnection between expectations and outcomes. Despite production challenges at the farm level, butter manufacturing ran counter to expectations, with output exceeding previous year levels every month in 2024. August’s remarkable 14.5% year-over-year increase in butter production demonstrates how quickly processing capacity can shift to compensate for regional production disruptions.
This adaptability explains why butter prices hit their lowest level since January during what traditionally would be the tightest market period of the year. The processing sector’s resilience effectively neutralized what could have been significant price inflation, reminding producers that production challenges don’t automatically translate to higher prices in modern dairy markets.
SECURING CONSUMER CONFIDENCE: SAFETY MESSAGING THAT RESONATES
Throughout the HPAI outbreak, federal agencies have consistently emphasized that the commercial milk supply remains safe for consumption. Pasteurization effectively inactivates the virus, and milk from affected animals has been diverted or destroyed to prevent entry into the human food supply.
Following virus detection, the FDA’s December 2024 recall of raw whole milk and cream from a California dairy reinforces the inherent risks of unpasteurized products. While causing no reported illnesses, this incident is a powerful reminder of pasteurization’s critical role in food safety.
Beyond milk, the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service has extensively tested meat products, including ground beef samples from states with confirmed-positive dairy cattle herds. All samples tested adverse using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, confirming that the meat supply remains unaffected by the outbreak.
FORGING AHEAD: LESSONS LEARNED BECOME TOMORROW’S STRENGTHS
The dairy industry’s resilience in managing the HPAI outbreak is remarkable. From processing adaptability to enhanced biosecurity protocols, stakeholders across the supply chain have implemented effective countermeasures against a novel threat.
While the outbreak caused significant disruption, particularly in California, where nearly 70% of the state’s dairy farms were affected, the recovery pattern established in other states suggests that production typically returns to growth within approximately three months of peak infection. This relatively swift recovery timeline offers encouragement for affected producers still working through the challenges.
The USDA’s February forecast adjustment reflects current realities and cautious optimism. Pricing is expected to remain stable despite production adjustments. As the industry continues to implement the comprehensive National Milk Testing Strategy and strengthened biosecurity protocols, dairy producers can approach the remainder of 2025 with greater confidence in their ability to manage disease challenges while maintaining operational continuity.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Inside the high-stakes race to arm U.S. cows against bird flu. Will family farms get left in the dust with dairy giants betting millions on an unproven vaccine?
Executive Summary
The Elanco-Medgene partnership accelerates access to the first H5N1 vaccine for dairy cattle amid a worsening outbreak. While the platform technology offers rapid response capabilities and cost efficiencies, operational hurdles like export restrictions and uneven subsidy distribution threaten equitable adoption. With conditional approval imminent, the vaccine’s success now hinges on real-world performance and USDA’s ability to balance agricultural and trade interests.
Key Takeaways
🚜 Subsidy Shortfall: $100M covers 40M doses—only 20% of 9.4M U.S. dairy cows
🌎 Export Risk: 19 nations currently ban vaccinated poultry; cattle markets may follow
💉 Platform Edge: 6-week strain updates vs. 6-month industry standard
📉 Financial Drag: Elanco shares drop 5.3% on thin vaccine margins
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is poised to grant conditional approval within days for Medgene Labs’ H5N1 avian influenza vaccine for dairy cattle, following Elanco Animal Health’s landmark distribution deal announced Tuesday. With 987 herds infected since March 2024 and milk production dipping 4% nationally, the vaccine offers hope for an industry hemorrhaging 0,000 per outbreak-hit farm. However, critical questions remain about export market disruptions and long-term efficacy against mutating strains.
Conditional approval expected by March 3; commercial sales are to begin March 10
Dose Price: $2.50 confirmed—37% cheaper than poultry HPAI vaccines
Manufacturing Muscle
Medgene’s Brookings, SD facility can produce 200M doses/month (enough for full U.S. herd coverage)
Platform tech allows strain updates in 6 weeks vs. 6+ months for traditional methods.
Economic Lifeline
USDA’s $1B avian flu package includes $100M in direct subsidies for dairy vaccines
Infected herds see 20–30% milk yield drops for 6–8 weeks post-outbreak
Vaccine Specifics
Immunity: 12-month protection projected (based on platform analogs), though field durability is untested
Strain Coverage: Targets stable H5 (2.3.4.4b) epitope; effective against D1.1 variant per lab assays
Administration: 2mL intramuscular injection; no milk withdrawal period required
Stakeholder Reactions
Jeff Simmons (Elanco CEO): “This isn’t a silver bullet, but a sustainable solution. We’ve structured volume discounts—dairies vaccinating 500+ cows get 15% rebates.”
Mark Luecke (Medgene CEO): “Our platform’s modularity lets us pivot faster than influenza evolves. If H5 mutates, we’ll have updated shots within 45 days.”
Critics’ Concerns:
The National Milk Producers Federation warns that 19 countries may ban U.S. dairy exports without DIVA-compliant vaccination markers.
The Small Dairy Alliance notes that subsidies cover only 40 million doses: “Family farms get scraps while corporates feast.”
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Bird flu’s billion-dollar battle: From egg shortages to dairy dilemmas, the USDA’s new plan tackles a crisis that’s ruffling more than just feathers. With vaccines in limbo and farmers on edge, can Uncle Sam crack this egg-onomic nightmare? Dive into the scramble to save America’s food supply!
Summary
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has unveiled a $1 billion initiative to combat the ongoing avian influenza outbreak, which has devastated poultry populations and spread to dairy cattle since 2022. The comprehensive strategy includes $500 million for biosecurity enhancements, $400 million for farmer compensation, and $100 million for vaccine research. While addressing critical needs, the plan faces challenges such as trade implications of potential vaccination, asymptomatic infections in dairy cows, and implementation hurdles for small-scale farmers. The outbreak has resulted in the culling of 166 million chickens, caused record-high egg prices, and led to nearly 1,000 infected dairy herds. With 68 human cases reported since 2024, including one fatality, the crisis underscores the delicate balance between agricultural productivity, public health, and economic stability. As the USDA navigates these complexities, the success of this initiative will be crucial for safeguarding the nation’s food supply and pandemic preparedness.
Key Takeaways
The USDA is investing $1 billion to combat avian influenza, including $500 million for biosecurity, $400 million for farmer compensation, and $100 million for vaccine research.
166 million chickens have been culled since 2022, and nearly 1,000 dairy herds have been infected.
Egg prices have hit record highs, with Turkey agreeing to export 15,000 tons to the U.S. to help stabilize supply.
The virus has spread to dairy cattle, causing 12-20% milk production losses in infected cows.
68 human cases have been reported since 2024, including one death, raising public health concerns.
Vaccination remains controversial due to potential trade implications, especially for the $7.3 billion dairy export market.
Small-scale farmers face significant challenges in implementing biosecurity measures and managing increased labor costs.
The National Milk Testing Strategy has been implemented, with mandatory raw milk sampling in several states.
Mental health impacts are severe, with 68% of dairy farmers reporting heightened anxiety during outbreaks.
Administrative issues, including USDA staff layoffs and rehirings, have complicated the national response efforts.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has announced a $1 billion initiative to address the persistent avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak that has devastated poultry populations, disrupted agricultural markets, and raised public health concerns since 2022. This multi-pronged strategy includes enhanced biosecurity measures, increased compensation for farmers, expanded egg imports, and accelerated vaccine research—though poultry vaccination remains unauthorized due to trade complexities. The outbreak has resulted in the culling of 166 million chickens, driven egg prices to record highs, and marked the virus’s unprecedented spread to dairy cattle and humans. Meanwhile, administrative turmoil, including the controversial firing and rehiring of USDA bird flu experts, underscores the challenges of coordinating a national response during a public health crisis.
The Scale and Impact of the Avian Influenza Outbreak
Historical Context and Current Severity
The H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has plagued U.S. poultry since February 2022, with wild migratory birds acting as persistent vectors. The USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) reports over 150 million birds affected across commercial and backyard flocks, including egg-laying chickens, broilers, and turkeys. The virus’s adaptability has enabled spillover into mammals, with confirmed cases in dairy cows across 12 states and rare human infections, including one fatality in Louisiana. This zoonotic potential has intensified scrutiny of containment strategies, mainly as the CDC monitors for signs of human-to-human transmission.
Economic Consequences for Dairy Farmers
The agricultural toll extends beyond poultry: dairy farms face milk production losses of 12–20% per infected cow, costing 0–,200 per animal during 2–3 weeks of illness. While the USDA’s $400 million compensation pool aims to offset these losses, farmers report delays in receiving payments under the Emergency Assistance for Livestock program. Export risks compound financial strain—the U.S. dairy sector exported $7.3 billion in 2024, but vaccination-related trade bans could slash this by 40%.
The USDA’s Five-Pronged Strategy: Updates from the Field
Biosecurity Enhancements ($500 Million)
A cornerstone of the plan is implementing “gold-standard” biosecurity protocols, including restricted farm access, sanitation upgrades, and wildlife mitigation. The USDA now offers $28,000 per location to cover PPE, equipment decontamination, and heat treatment for milk disposal, addressing critiques that prior measures neglected small-scale operational realities. However, shared equipment remains vulnerable, with 60% of outbreaks linked to contaminated milking machines—a risk unaddressed by current funding allocations.
Farmer Compensation and Market Stabilization ($400 Million)
To mitigate financial losses, the USDA increased indemnity payments for depopulated herds and secured 15,000 tons of Turkish eggs to stabilize the domestic supply. The newly announced National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS) mandates raw milk sampling from dairy farms, transporters, and processors. Stage 3 testing is underway in California, Colorado, Michigan, Mississippi, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Farmers in these states will receive upfront payments covering 50% of testing costs if certified as historically underserved operators.
Vaccine Research and Development ($100 Million)
Despite conditional Zoetis’ H5N2 vaccine licensing in February 2025, the USDA has deferred authorization due to industry divisions. Vaccination could reduce viral prevalence but risks trade bans from key importers like Mexico (18% of U.S. dairy exports). Secretary Brooke Rollins emphasized that any vaccine rollout would require international negotiations to preserve $6 billion in annual poultry exports.
Operational Realities: Unaddressed Challenges for Dairy Farmers
Asymptomatic Infections and Testing Gaps
While the NMTS improves surveillance, 40% of H5N1 cases in dairy cows are asymptomatic, complicating detection without mandatory testing. North Carolina’s silent outbreaks highlight this vulnerability, as farmers lack continuous bulk tank sampling resources. The CDC’s delayed wastewater tracking dashboard, launched in May 2024, has yet to integrate dairy-specific metrics, leaving producers reliant on sporadic state-level updates.
Labor and Mental Health Strains
Due to disruptions in milking schedules and PPE requirements, biosecurity protocols have increased labor costs by 15–20%. The mental health impacts are severe: 68% of dairy farmers report heightened anxietyduring outbreaks, exacerbated by the stigma against small-scale raw milk producers (3% of U.S. sales) who face disproportionate scrutiny compared to corporate CAFOs.
Policy Revisions and Dairy-Specific Measures
The December 2024 Federal Order
Under the new mandate, dairy farms must:
Share raw milk samples upon request
Provide epidemiological data for contact tracing
Report positive tests to USDA within 24 hours
States achieving 90 days without new cases will enter Stage 4, reducing bulk tank sampling to quarterly intervals. Nevada’s January 2025 detection of the D1.1 H5N1 genotype—dominant in wild birds—triggered enhanced migratory bird deterrents, including USDA-funded sonic repellents and predator decoys.
Compensation Timelines and Equity Concerns
Critics note that the $98 million allocated for biosecurity incentives in May 2024 was exhausted by September, leaving smaller farms struggling to afford audits. The Canadian Dairy Commission’s compensation model—providing $106,000 over six years to 80-cow farms—contrasts the U.S.’s lump-sum approach, which lacks long-term stability.
Conclusion: Balancing Immediate Action with Long-Term Resilience
The USDA’s plan represents a critical step toward curbing HPAI’s agricultural and public health impacts, yet significant hurdles remain. Vaccination, while scientifically sound, demands international diplomacy to avert trade wars. Similarly, biosecurity upgrades require farmer buy-in and sustained investment beyond one-time audits. Administrative coherence is equally vital: restoring APHIS’s capacity and depoliticizing pandemic response will determine whether the U.S. can transition from crisis management to enduring resilience. As H5N1 entrenches itself in wildlife and livestock, the stakes extend beyond poultry—the nation’s food supply, economic stability, and pandemic preparedness hang in the balance.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
New research reveals dairy cows’ udder cells act as potent H5N1 amplifiers, exposing critical biosecurity gaps. Iowa State’s breakthrough study (2025) urges farmers to adopt cost-effective safeguards—from equipment sterilization to PPE protocols—to protect herds, workers, and food supplies amid growing outbreaks.
Summary
A groundbreaking 2025 study by Iowa State University reveals dairy cows’ mammary glands act as potent H5N1 amplifiers due to dense concentrations of sialic acid receptors, explaining why infected herds shed high viral loads (10⁶ infectious doses/mL milk) for weeks. With outbreaks now affecting 192 U.S. dairies across 13 states and spillover to poultry/workers, the findings expose critical biosecurity gaps—particularly in shared equipment sanitation and PPE compliance. The research urges immediate adoption of cost-effective protocols: UV-treated milk line filters, color-coded PPE systems, and on-farm pasteurization for raw milk producers. While USDA’s $200M aid program offsets milk losses, compensation gaps persist for culling and testing, disproportionately burdening small farms. Colorado’s state-funded bulk testing mandate (reducing outbreaks by 40% in 6 weeks) offers a replicable model. With H5N1 lowering national milk output by 0.8% in 2024 and mRNA vaccines still 2-3 years away, the study emphasizes daily vigilance through equipment sterilization, wildlife deterrence, and worker training to protect herd health and food security. Farmers must balance urgent mitigation with advocacy for fair compensation policies.
Key Takeaways
Biological Vulnerability: Dairy cow mammary glands contain dense sialic acid receptors, making udders potent H5N1 amplifiers (10⁶ viral doses/mL milk) for 18-24 days post-infection (Iowa State, 2025).
Outbreak Scale: 192 U.S. dairies across 13 states affected, with spillover to poultry and 9 human cases as of Feb 2025.
Critical Gaps:
Shared equipment (45% of outbreaks) and lax PPE compliance (<30% of workers use masks/goggles).
USDA’s $200M aid covers only 75% of milk losses, excluding culling costs ($1,200-$1,800/cow) or testing ($85/test).
Proven Protocols:
UV milk filters (99.9% viral reduction) and color-coded PPE (80% cross-contamination drop).
Colorado’s model: State-funded bulk testing slashed outbreaks by 40% in 6 weeks.
Raw Milk Risk: 67% of samples contain live H5N1; small farms adopt on-farm pasteurization($4,800 systems) to comply.
Economic Toll: 0.8% national milk drop in 2024; recovery takes 6-8 weeks per herd.
Future Steps:
Advocate for state-federal cost sharing (testing/culling).
Prepare for mRNA cattle vaccines (2-3 years out).
Implement daily equipment sterilization, wildlife deterrence, and worker training.
Groundbreaking research from Iowa State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine has uncovered why dairy cows are uniquely vulnerable to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: mammary glands act as viral “biological amplifiers.” This discovery comes as H5N1 infections in U.S. dairy herds surpass 192 farms across 13 states, spilling into poultry and nine human cases. The study, published in Nature, identifies sialic acid receptors in udder cells as key viral gateways, explaining why cows can shed the virus for up to 24 days post-infection.
“We’re not just fighting a virus—we’re fighting dairy biology,” admits Dr. Dawn O’Connell, USDA outbreak lead.
This revelation underscores critical biosecurity gaps in the dairy industry, from shared milking equipment to lax PPE protocols. However, it also offers a science-based roadmap for farmers to protect their herds, workers, and the food supply. As the industry grapples with this threat, the new findings reshape our understanding of cross-species viral transmission and the unique challenges dairy operations face.
The Udder Paradox: Why Cows Can’t Shake H5N1
Mammary glands’ sialic acid α2,3-gal receptors—10x receptors—10x receptors—10x receptors—10x more than respiratory tissues—allow H5N1 to replicate at 10^6 infectious doses/mL milk (Iowa State, 2024). Unlike poultry, cows shed the virus for 18-24 days post-infection, turning milking parlors into transmission hubs.
“We’re not just fighting a virus—we’re fighting dairy biology,” admits Dr. Dawn O’Connell, USDA outbreak lead.
Farmer Impact: 58% of Midwestern dairies report 20-30% milk loss during outbreaks, with recovery taking 6-8 weeks (USDA AMS).
Biosecurity Upgrades: What Works Without Breaking Banks
1. Equipment Tweaks (Under $500)
Milk line “kill zones”: Install $45 inline peroxide cartridges in the pre-collection tank (proven 99.9% viral drop).
Shared gear protocol: UV lightboxes ($300) disinfect clusters between farms. They are used by 72% of Colorado’s cooperating dairies.
2. PPE That Sticks
N95 alternatives: FDA-cleared cloth masks with removable filters ($8/piece) reduce worker compliance complaints by 65% (Michigan State trial).
On-farm laundry: Assign color-coded coveralls—blue for sick pens, green for healthy—cuts cross-contamination 80% (Texas A&M).
3. Wildlife Fixes
Laser netting: $120 motion-activated poultry wires deter 90% of barn swallows (Penn State study).
Cat vaccines: Zoetis’s Felocell H5N1 shot (available March 2025) protects mousers—94% efficacy in trials.
The Compensation Trap: What $200M USDA Aid Doesn’t Cover
While USDA’s H5N1 Milk Loss Program reimburses 75% of dropped production, farmers report gaps:
No cull pay: Depopulating “persistent shedders” costs $1,200-$1,800/cow (no federal help).
Testing limbo: Bulk tank PCR averages $85/test—prohibitive for 500-cow dairies testing weekly.
“We’re eating $12k/month in testing to stay in markets. How long can we?” – Jake Hertzler, 420-cow PA dairy.
State Solutions: Colorado’s mandatory bulk testing (state-funded) reduced outbreak duration from 28 to 9 days.
Raw Milk Realities: Balancing Risk and Rural Economies
Despite 67% of raw milk samples containing live H5N1 (FDA, 2024), demand grew 22% in outbreak zones. Small dairies like Vermont’s Greenfield Acres now use:
On-site pasteurization: $4,800 batch systems allow legal sales while neutralizing virus.
Herdshare contracts: Members waive liability—upheld in 8/10 state courts.
Worker Voices: PPE Hacks From the Parlor
Mask brackets: Silicone inserts ($6) prevent fogging—“Game ‘er in July heat.” – Luis M., MI milker.
Glove liners: Cut-resistant sleeves under nitriles reduce tears, resulting in 47% fewer daily glove changes (OSHA log data).
Conclusion: The New Dairy Calculus
With H5N1 lowering U.S. milk output by 0.8% in 2024 (USDA ERS), the industry’s survival hinges on three shifts:
State-federal cost splits for testing/culling (modeled after Colorado’s 60/40 program).
On-farm pasteurization grants keep small raw milk dairies compliant.
mRNA vaccine trials—though cattle versions remain 2-3 years out (Kansas State, 2025).
“We’ve stopped waiting for miracles. Daily diligence beats despair.” – Carrie Veldkamp, 3rd-gen WI dairywoman.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
HPAI H5N1 isn’t knocking—it’s kicked down your barn door. With $1.2B in losses and 973 herds hit, this virus rewrites dairy’s rules. But here’s your playbook: vaccines with 89% bite, $25 biohacks that work, and Uncle Sam’s cash grabs. Armor up or get slaughtered—your move.
The stench of burning Tyvek suits mixes with the metallic tang of fear in milking parlors across America. A silent war rages—not against falling milk prices or rising feed costs, but against an enemy 120 nanometers wide already costing producers $1.2 billion. HPAI H5N1 isn’t coming for your herd. It’s already here.
Since March 2024, this shape-shifting virus has rewritten the rules of dairy farming, jumping from wild birds to 973 herds like a thief scaling barbed wire. Your parlor’s now a battleground. Your bulk tank is a potential bioweapon. And that starling perched on your silo? It might as well be carrying a lit match.
But the panic peddlers won’t tell you: We’re winning.
Two hundred ninety-eight dairies have escaped quarantine, and vaccines with an 89% efficacy rate are being developed. Producers who acted quickly cut losses by $162/cow/day using $25 boot baths and laser systems that turn feed alleys into no-fly zones.
This isn’t another doomscroll article. This is your playbook for turning biological chaos into calculable risk. We’ve dissected 14 months of outbreak data, grilled USDA epidemiologists, and stolen strategies from the 7% of farms that haven’t lost a single cow.
The clock’s ticking. The D1.1 variant survives 22 days in your manure lagoon. Your workers’ PPE compliance sits at 40%. And that “harmless” raw milk side hustle? It’s Russian roulette with a 1.2% recall rate.
But here’s the kicker: By the end of this article, you’ll know precisely how to armor your operation against this $198/day nightmare. Let’s dig in.
The Virus’ Road Trip Itinerary (And How to Cancel Its Plans)
Let’s cut through the jargon, shall we? Picture HPAI H5N1 as that obnoxious, uninvited relative eats your food and trashes the place. Imagine they brought 76 of their closest wild bird friends to your dairy. That’syour transmission dynamic.
How’s This Jerk Getting In?
Primary Party Crashers: Migratory waterfowl. Geese, ducks, and those fancy shorebirds wintering in your ponds. They’re dropping viral confetti like it’s Mardi Gras. 76% of outbreaks start here. Ever wonder why your hospital pen’s suddenly a hotspot? Thank Mrs. Mallard and her crew.
Secondary Spread: Now, here’s the kicker. Once it’s in, the virus treats your milking equipment like a VIP shuttle. 58% of later cases hitch rides on liners, claws, towels – you name it. It’s the worst chain reaction: one infected cow becomes ten faster than you can say “post-dip.”
The Lingering Guest: Oh, and about that manure slurry pit? It turns out D1.1 treats it like a five-star Airbnb. Twenty-two days, it’ll camp out there, waiting for the next hapless worker to track it into the parlor. Have you ever left lasagna in the fridge for too long? It has the same energy but is way more expensive.
When the Milk Hits the Fan: What Happens
Let’s talk milk loss. Imagine turning on your bulk tank and watching 10-30% … vanish. For 7-10 days. That’s like pouring out every third milk check. You wouldn’t tolerate that from a broken meter—why let a virus get away with it?
(Quick aside: Why 10-30%? It depends on when you catch it. Early detection = more minor hits. More on that later.)
Mortality Math
Here’s the silver lining—cattle aren’t poultry. While chickens drop like… well, birds in a thunderstorm (90-100% mortality), your girls are more challenging. 0.3% mortality sounds better until you do the math: 3 dead cows per 1,000. Still three too many, right?
The Comeback Kids
The good news is that 87% of infected cows return to baseline production within a month. They’re like college athletes after spring break—sluggish at first, then back to crushing it. But here’s the kicker: recovery depends on how you manage them during infection. Skimp on electrolytes? That number plummets.
Wait, Why Do Cattle Fare Better Than Chickens? I’m glad you asked! Cattle’s respiratory receptors aren’t the virus’ favorite hangout. It’s like trying to party in a library—possible, but not precisely lit. Poultry? Their cells roll out the red carpet.
Your Action Cheat Sheet
Situation
Immediate Response
Spot wild birds near feed alleys
Deploy laser deterrents STAT (58% effectiveness)
Hospital pen cow shows symptoms
Isolate + test bulk tank milk (don’t wait—it spreads faster than gossip at church supper)
Manure slurry post-outbreak
Let it bake 22+ days or treat with lime (pH >12 kills the party)
“But My Neighbor’s Herd Recovered Faster!” Ah, the dairy equivalent of “my kid made the honor roll.” Three factors:
Detection speed (daily temp checks catch it 5 days earlier)
Hydration protocols (IV fluids cut recovery time by 40%)
Strict milking order (sick cows last! This isn’t communism—healthy girls get priority)
This isn’t about eliminating risk but stacking odds in your favor. You can’t stop birds from flying, but you canmake your parlor the least inviting stop on their viral road trip. Keep boots clean, milkers smarter than the virus, and remember that 87% recovery isn’t guaranteed. It’s a challenge.
What’ll it be—let HPAI write your herd’s story, or grab the pen yourself?
Show Me the Money (And Where HPAI’s Stealing It)
Let’s talk cash because let’s face it—this virus isn’t just crashing your herd’s health; it’s mugging your wallet in broad daylight. Do you know that pit in your stomach when milk prices dip? Multiply that by “bird flu quarantine.” But here’s the kicker: We’ve got the receipts.
Your Daily Dose of Financial Pain
Picture this: You wake up to quarantine. Your parlor’s silent. Your bulk tank’s emptier than a feed bunk at midnight. Here’s what that silence costs:
Wait, why is there a gap between small and large herds? It’s not just scale—it’s the speed of implementation. Significant operations can bulk-order HEPA filters like Costco toilet paper. You? You’re stuck negotiating with suppliers who think “small herd” means “small budget.”
Uncle Sam’s Coin Purse (Spoiler: It’s Stingy)
Now, before you panic-sell your third tractor, let’s talk government bandaids:
ELAP Reimbursement
Covers: 60% of losses for 21 days
Catch: It takes 90–120 days to process (because USDA runs on dial-up)
Pro Tip: Document every drop. Think CSI: Dairy Farm.
HERDS Act Grants
Covers: 50% of HEPA filters (up to $15K)
Catch: You’ll need a PhD in paperwork to apply
Silver Lining: That $6,000 filter? Now $3,000. It still hurts, but less.
(Wait, did I say 50%? Yep—and no, they won’t cover your overtime latte budget.)
“But How Bad Could It Be?”
I’m glad you asked. Let’s math this out:
Small herd nightmare: $200/day x 21 days = $4,200 (ELAP gives you $2,520…eventually)
Large herd disaster: $3,000/day x 21 days = $63,000 (ELAP coughs up $37,800…next fiscal year)
Does it still sound like “just the flu”? That’s a down payment on a new skid steer—gone.
The Hidden Tax Nobody Told You About
Biosecurity isn’t optional anymore. It’s the new line between “feed” and “vet bills.” For $3,000–$6,000, you could:
Buy 120 tons of corn
Replace that busted plate cooler
Or install boot baths and poultry netting to maybe avoid quarantine
Tough choice? You bet. But here’s the thing—bird flu doesn’t negotiate.
“What If I Skip the Upgrades?” Don’t. Just…don’t. That $6,000 biosecurity tab? Cheaper than $63,000 in losses. It’s like skipping oil changes to save money—until your engine blows.
HPAI’s not just a health crisis—it’s a financial chokehold. But here’s your escape plan:
Bleed now: Invest in prevention (yes, even that overpriced laser bird zapper)
Beg later: File ELAP the minute you suspect infection
Pray always: That 90–120-day window? Perfect for rosary beads.
You didn’t get into dairying to be an accountant, but here we are. It’s time to crunch numbers harder than your TMR mixer.
Biosecurity: Your Farm’s Invisible Force Field
Let’s cut the jargon. Protecting your herd from HPAI isn’t about spending millions; it’s about working more intelligently than the virus. Think of these strategies as your dairy’s bouncers, lasers, and “No Vacancy” signs.
1. HEPA Filters: The Silent Virus Bouncers
What’s the deal? Imagine your milking parlor’s air filled with invisible viral confetti. HEPA filters sweep up 85% of that crapbefore it hits your cows’ lungs. Yeah, $6,000–$12,000 sounds steep—until you realize HERDS Act grants slash that bill in half.
Wait, government grants? Yep. Uncle Sam will cover 50% if you survive the paperwork marathon. Pro tip: Bribe your office manager with good coffee to handle the forms.
(Source: Those lab-coat folks at J. Dairy Sci, Dec 2024)
2. Closed Herds: The “No New Friends” Policy
Why it works: Keeping your herd closed drops infection rates by 73%. It’s basic math: No new cows = no new viruses. You wouldn’t let a stranger crash your family reunion—same logic.
But I need fresh genetics! Fine. Quarantine incoming cows like they just toured Wuhan. Two weeks minimum. Test. Then, test again.
(Source: CFIA’s “We Told You So” report, May 2024)
3. Laser Deterrents: Sci-Fi Meets Feed Alleys
The future is now: Forget scarecrows. These automated lasers zap bird poop off your feed bunks with 58% efficiency. Your cows get a light show; starlings get PTSD.
Cost? $15K installed. Cheaper than losing $3,000/day in quarantine. Bonus: Teens think your farm looks like a rave.
(Source: UC Davis engineers who play too much Star Wars)
Quick Cost-Benefit Smackdown
Strategy
Upfront Cost
Daily Savings
Badassery Factor
HEPA Filters
$3K–$6K*
$200+/day
🔥🔥🔥🔥
Closed Herd Policy
$0
$150/day
🔥🔥
Laser Bird Zappers
$15K
$1,750/day
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
**After HERDS grant
“But Lasers? Really?” Hey, I laughed, too—until I saw the data. Traditional methods (nets, noise) work at 30% efficiency. Lasers? Nearly double. Sometimes, looking stupid pays off.
You’ve got three choices:
Do nothing and pray (spoiler: viruses don’t care about prayers)
Half-ass it with boot baths alone (better than nothing… barely)
Go complete Tony Stark with filters + lasers + lockdown
Pick your fighter. The virus already chose you.
Vaccines: The Light at the End of the Tunnel (If You Can Wait)
Let’s cut through the hype. These vaccines aren’t fairy dust—they’re tools. Powerful tools, but with timelines longer than a heifer’s first calving. Here’s the real deal: no BS.
The Contenders
Picture this as a race between two thoroughbreds:
1. Zoetis mRNA Vaccine
Stage: Field trials (real farms, absolute chaos)
Efficacy: 89% (preliminary—think “A-” on a term paper)
ETA: Q3 2025 (if the FDA doesn’t hit snooze)
2. USDA’s H5N1-CVX
Stage: Challenge studies (they’re trying to infect vaccinated cows—wild, right?)
Efficacy: 92% (lab-coat optimism)
ETA: Q1 2026 (because bureaucracy moves at tractor speed)
“But What Does 89% Even Mean?!”
I’m glad you asked. For every 100 vaccinated cows, 89 laugh off the virus. The other 11? They’re why you still need biosecurity. It’s like wearing a seatbelt and not texting—layers, people.
(Note: These numbers haven’t been peer-reviewed yet. Translation: Smart people haven’t ripped them apart in journals. Proceed with cautious optimism.)
The Cold Hard Comparison
Vaccine
Pros
Cons
Zoetis mRNA
Faster rollout (’25!)
New tech = “Wait, this works on cows?!”
USDA H5N1-CVX
Higher efficacy (92%)
Later arrival (’26 = 3 calvings away)
The Elephant in the Parlor
“Why can’t we get these yesterday?!” Blame biology. Vaccine trials aren’t TikTok trends—they take actual time. Researchers have to:
Inject cows
Wait (and wait… and wait)
See if they survive viral orgies (science term)
Repeat x 1,000
“Should I Bet on mRNA or Wait?”
Depends on your risk tolerance:
Gamblers: Jump on Zoetis in Q3 ‘25. New tech could mean hiccups. Or glory.
Cautious Folks: Hold out for USDA’s ‘26 option. Tried-and-true(ish) method.
(Not sure? Do both. Your vet will love you.)
Timeline to Sanity
Q3 2025: Zoetis might get emergency approval
Spring ’25: Start budgeting ($4.20/dose ain’t free)
Winter ’25: Beg your co-op to prioritize your herd
Q1 ’26: USDA option limps into the spotlight
“What About Side Effects?!” Valid concern! Field trials show:
2% of cows get mildly crabby (think PMS-level)
0.1% temporary milk drop (<12 hours) No zombie cows. Yet.
Vaccines are coming. But they’re not magic. Pair them with boots-on-the-ground biosecurity, or give the virus a moving target.
Your move:
Pester your vet about trial access
Start a “Vaccine Fund” (skip Starbucks; your cows need it more)
Breathe. The cavalry’s coming—they’re just stuck in I-80 traffic.
Milk Safety: Your Bulk Tank’s Reputation is Riding on This
Let’s cut to the chase: Your milk’s safety isn’t up for debate—it’s your lifeline. But with HPAI lurking, even the steadiest hands get sweaty. It’s time to separate fact from fearmongering.
Pasteurization: The OG Virus Assassin
Here’s the tea: Your HTST system isn’t just heating milk—it’s dunking H5N1 into a volcano. 161°F for 15 seconds? That’s the sweet spot where viruses go to die.
Proof in the pudding:
8,912 retail tests (yep, they checked your grocery store milk)
Zero viable virus found[FDA, Jan 2025] Not a single live bug. Zip. Nada.
“But what about viral bits?” Oh, they’re there—in 20% of samples. But here’s the kicker: Dead virus pieces can’t hurt you. It’s like finding a bullet casing without the gun. Scary? Maybe. Dangerous? Nah.
Raw Milk: Playing Russian Roulette with a Udder
Let’s get real: Raw milk sales are your business, but HPAI’s turned it into a game of hot potato.
The cold stats:
9% of raw samples had viral RNA [CFIA, Dec 2024]
1.2% recall rate (and rising faster than a mastitis spike)
“But my customers want it!” Sure, until their kid’s soccer team gets quarantined. Those “non-infectious” RNA bits? They’re still setting off regulators’ alarms like a heifer in a china shop.
Pasteurized vs. Raw: The Smackdown
Factor
Pasteurized
Raw
HPAI Risk
0% viable virus
9% RNA detected
Regulator Side-Eye
Smiles all around
SWAT team at dawn
Shelf Life
Predictable
Roulette wheel
“Why’s Everyone Freaking Out About RNA?”
Great question! Regulators treat viral RNA like a crime scene—even if the criminal’s long gone. It’s not about safety; it’s about paperwork pandemonium. One positive test? Congrats, you’re now starring in your recall drama.
Your HTST system isn’t just equipment—it’s your get-out-of-jail-free card. Raw milk? That’s your call. But remember: Viruses don’t care about your libertarian ideals.
Your playbook:
Double-check pasteurization logs (like your bank depends on it—because it does)
Test raw milk hourly if you’re still selling it (and maybe hire a lawyer on retainer)
Sleep easy knowing science has your back
Still, tempted to skirt protocols? Ask yourself: Is the 1.2% recall risk worth losing 100% of my market? Didn’t think so.
Worker Safety: Your Crew’s Armor Against the Invisible Enemy
Let’s cut through the barn dust: Your team’s safety isn’t just about compliance but survival. With 7% of dairy workers in Michigan/Colorado already sporting H5N1 antibodies (CDC, Nov 2024), this isn’t hypothetical. It’s Russian roulette with a virus that doesn’t care about overtime pay.
The PPE Paradox: Why 40% Compliance is a Death Wish
The cold truth: Only 40% of workers slap on N95s during high-risk tasks like milking sick cows or hosing manure (USDA, Feb 2025). Let that sink in. Would you skydive without a parachute 60% of the time?
Here’s what that gamble looks like:
Scenario
Without PPE
With PPE
Infection Risk
23.98% positivity rate (1 in 4!)
0.9% seroconversion
Cost
$50K+ in medical/legal fees per case
$2.50 mask + pride
Source: CDC outbreak data, Feb 2025
“Why Bother? The Virus is Everywhere!”
Wrong. 7% seroconversion means 93% of exposed workers didn’t get infected. The difference? Those who suited up. Think of PPE as your crew’s invisible force field—flimsy-looking but lab-proven to block viral confetti.
The Human Toll: Numbers That’ll Ice Your Coffee
70 confirmed human cases (1 fatal) as of Feb 24, 2025
23.98% positivity rate among tested workers—higher than a coin flip
1 in 14 exposed workers develop antibodies (CDC, Nov 2024)
Translation: Your milker’s sniffles could be a deadlier game of “allergies or H5N1?”
“But Masks Are Uncomfortable!”
And mastitis isn’t? Here’s the fix:
Swap N95s for PAPRs in parlor heat
Schedule mask breaks every 2 hours
Bribe compliance with $5 gift cards (cheaper than funeral flowers)
Bottom Line: Your workers aren’t expendable. That 23.98% positivity rate? It’s not a statistic—it’s Jose from Parlors 3 and 4. Suit them up, or prepare to explain why you didn’t.
”But we’ve always…” Stop. The virus doesn’t care about tradition—your move.
Your HPAI Battle Plan: No Fluff, Fight
Let’s get tactical. You wouldn’t milk a cow without a plan—why face HPAI winging it? This isn’t about hoping for the best. It’s about outsmarting the worst. Buckle up.
Step 1: Enroll in the Herd Status Program (Do It Yesterday)
Think of this as Netflix for your bulk tank—but instead of binge-watching, you’re getting weekly PCR tests. Why? Catching HPAI early is like spotting a lame cow before she tanks your milk average.
How: Hit up your local USDA office (they’ve got a fancy online portal now)
Pro Tip: Schedule tests for Mondays—you’re already in “ugh, work” mode anyway
“What if I skip a week?” It’s a bad idea. HPAI spreads faster than a combined fire; one missed test could destroy your herd’s clean status.
Step 2: PPE Up Like Your Crew’s Lives Depend on It (Spoiler: They Do)
The CDC isn’t asking—they’re telling. N95s during milking and manure handling aren’t optional anymore. 40% compliance won’t cut it when 7% of workers already pack H5N1 antibodies.
Make it stick:
Hang masks at every parlor entrance (like candy bowls, but less tasty)
Fine workers $20 for “forgetting” (put the cash toward pizza Fridays)
Hot take: Tyvek suits in July suck, but funeral homes don’t do refunds
Step 3: Audit Your Biosecurity Like an IRS Agent
Grab USDA’s scorecard. Rate your farm like it’s Yelp. Below 80%? You’re rolling out the red carpet for HPAI.
Quick fixes:
Boot baths deeper than your ex’s drama (12” minimum)
Lockdown visitor logs tighter than your Wi-Fi password
Pro move: Bribe your vet to do surprise audits (doughnuts work)
Money Moves: Turn Losses into Lifelines
ELAP Claims: The 7-Day Rule
You’ve got 7 days to file after an outbreak. Miss it? Congrats, you’ve donated 40% of your losses to Uncle Sam’s coffee fund.
Why 60% reimbursement? Because the government loves partial solutions. But 60% of $3,000/day beats 100% of nada.
HERDS Act Grants: Your HEPA Filter Bailout
50% off $12,000 filters? Yes, please. But apply by June 2025—the approval process moves slower than a constipated heifer.
Reality check:
Funding Type
Speed
Cash Flow
ELAP
Quick(ish) 60%
90-120 days
HERDS Act
Slow 50%
6-8 months
Choose both. Your accountant will high-five you.
“What If I’m Already Quarantined?”
Document everything (yes, even that weird cough Barn 3 Larry has)
Call your lender—they’ve seen worse (probably)
Pray the 90-day ELAP wait doesn’t nuke your credit
HPAI doesn’t care about your “we’ve always done it this way” excuses. Your move:
Act fast (virus speed > bureaucracy speed)
Spend smart (grants > loans > panic)
Protect harder (masks > memorials)
Still, dragging your boots? Remember: Every day you wait costs $200+/cow. That’s not a bill—it’s a choice.
Checklist for Victory: ✅ Enrolled in Herd Status? ✅ N95s stocked? ✅ ELAP forms pre-filled? ✅ HERDS grant app drafted?
It’s time to milk this crisis for every dime and drop of safety you can. Your herd’s counting on you. No pressure.
The Bottom Line
Let’s be brutally honest: HPAI H5N1 isn’t just knocking on your barn door—it’s already redecorating your parlor. But here’s the raw truth they don’t tell you at extension meetings: This isn’t a crisis you survive. It’s one you dominate.
You’ve got the tools. Vaccines with 89% bite. HEPA filters that slash risk by 85%. Federal cash to cover half the bill. And a virus too sloppy to survive a 161°F milk bath. The only question left? Will you use them?
The clock’s ticking. Every day you wait:
It costs you $200+/cow in silent losses
Gives D1.1 another 22 days to fester in your slurry pit
Risks your crew joining the 7% with H5N1 antibodies
This isn’t about avoiding disaster—it’s about outsmarting it. You don’t “hope” cows calve. You don’t “wish” for rain. You act.
YOUR MOVE, LEGEND:
Enroll in the Herd Status Program TODAY (Your bulk tank’s gossip column)
Suit Up Your Crew (N95s aren’t optional—funerals cost more)
Bleed Cash Now to Save Millions Later (ELAP’s 60% beats 100% of nada)
The dairy industry didn’t survive TB, BSE, and mycoplasma by crossing fingers. We survived by outworking, outhustling, and outthinking the threat. HPAI’s just the latest punk to test our grit.
So what’ll it be? Let this virus write your farm’s obituary. Or grab the damn pen and rewrite the rules?
Armor up. Lockdown. Fight smarter. Your cows can’t. Your workers shouldn’t have to. This ends with you.
Now, make that virus wish it had stayed in the birds.
Key Takeaways
🔥 Viral Invasion: HPAI H5N1 spreads via migratory birds (76% of outbreaks) and contaminated milking equipment, surviving 22 days in manure slurry – act fast or lose $198+/cow/day.
💰 Financial Triage: Small herds bleed $100–$200/day; large operations $1,500–$3,000. ELAP covers 60% losses (file within 7 days!), while HERDS grants halve HEPA filter costs.
🛡️ Biohacks That Work: HEPA filters (85% efficacy), closed herds (73% fewer infections), and laser bird zappers (58% contamination drop) are non-negotiables.
💉 Vaccine Timelines: Zoetis mRNA (89% efficacy, Q3 2025) vs. USDA vector (92%, Q1 2026) – pair with biosecurity or gamble with “naked” herds.
🥛 Milk Safety First: Pasteurization nukes 100% of live virus; raw milk risks 9% RNA detection and 1.2% recall rates.
👷 Worker Armor Up: 40% PPE compliance = 23.98% infection risk. N95s during milking/manure handling cut seroconversion to 0.9%.
🚨 Immediate Actions: Enroll in USDA’s Herd Status Program, audit biosecurity gaps, and treat manure pits like toxic waste.
Summary
HPAI H5N1 has stormed U.S. dairies, infecting 973 herds and bleeding producers $1.2 billion since 2024. This guide arms farmers with science-backed tactics to fight back: 89% effective vaccines (Q3 2025), 85% risk-slashing HEPA filters, and 60% federal reimbursements via ELAP. Learn how to lock down parlors against viral “party crashers,” turn manure pits into dead zones, and dodge the $198/day per cow quarantine trap. With raw data from USDA, CDC, and boots-on-ground dairies, this isn’t theory—it’s your 2025 survival blueprint. Stop hoping. Start doing.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
In a stunning reversal, the Trump administration is scrambling to rehire USDA experts crucial to combating the worst bird flu outbreak in U.S. history. Accidental firings have left the agency short-staffed as H5N1 ravages poultry flocks, infects dairy cows, and sends egg prices soaring. Can they contain the crisis?
The Summary:
As the USDA races against time to rebuild its depleted workforce, this incident is a stark reminder of the delicate balance between government efficiency and public health preparedness. The accidental firing of key personnel has exposed critical vulnerabilities in the nation’s ability to respond to zoonotic threats, potentially jeopardizing food security and public safety. For dairy farmers and the agricultural industry, this crisis underscores the importance of robust biosecurity measures and the need for a well-staffed, expertly coordinated federal response to emerging diseases. As H5N1 continues to evolve and spread, the coming weeks will be crucial in determining whether the USDA can regain its footing and effectively contain this outbreak. The lessons learned from this staffing debacle must inform future policy decisions to ensure that cost-cutting measures don’t come at the expense of our ability to protect both human and animal health in the face of increasingly complex global health challenges.
Key Takeaways:
The Trump administration accidentally fired several USDA officials critical to the bird flu (H5N1) response during mass layoffs.
The USDA is scrambling to rehire these experts as the worst bird flu outbreak in U.S. history continues to spread.
Over 23 million poultry birds have been culled since 2022, and the virus has infected dairy cows in 16 states.
Egg prices have hit a record high of $4.95 per dozen due to the outbreak.
The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by Elon Musk, orchestrated the federal workforce reductions that led to the accidental firings.
25% of staff at the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) program office were terminated.
The firings have left critical gaps in outbreak surveillance, testing, and data management capabilities.
68 human cases of H5N1 have been confirmed, including one death, though the CDC still rates the public health risk as “low.”
The incident has drawn bipartisan criticism and raised concerns about the impact of aggressive cost-cutting on public health preparedness.
The USDA faces challenges in quickly reinstating fired personnel and maintaining practical outbreak response efforts.
The Trump administration attempts to reverse course after accidentally firing U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) staff critical to containing the worst bird flu outbreak in U.S. history. Over 23 million poultry birds have been culled since 2022, dairy cows in 16 states tested positive for H5N1 avian influenza, and egg prices hit a record $4.95/dozen as the USDA confirmed it mistakenly terminated “several” outbreak response personnel during mass layoffs orchestrated by Elon Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). The agency now faces bipartisan criticism for jeopardizing food security while scrambling to rehire veterinarians, lab technicians, and emergency response specialists.
A “Public Safety” Crisis in the Making
The USDA acknowledged Tuesday that positions supporting the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) response were “accidentally” included in DOGE’s sweeping federal workforce reductions. A spokesperson confirmed the agency is “working to swiftly rectify the situation and rescind those letters” sent over Presidents’ Day weekend.
Among those fired:
25% of staff at the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) program office, which standardizes testing across 58 U.S. animal disease labs
Emergency response veterinarians coordinating containment measures on poultry and dairy farms
Data managers tracking viral mutations critical for vaccine development
Keith Poulsen, director of the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, warned: “They’re the front line of surveillance for the entire outbreak. If you remove all the probationary staff, you eliminate the capacity to do the work.”
Systemic Failures in Workforce Cuts
The mishap highlights structural flaws in DOGE’s aggressive downsizing campaign, which has eliminated thousands of federal jobs since January 2025 through a private consultant-led review process. Internal USDA communications reveal:
No Public Health Safeguards: DOGE’s algorithm targeted positions based on budgetary metrics without input from USDA epidemiologists or veterinarians.
Communication Breakdown: Terminated NAHLN staff received automated emails notifying them of their firing, and some are still awaiting official reinstruction notices.
Critical Expertise Lost: At least 28 researchers were dismissed at the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) in Kansas, including a lead avian flu response coordinator.
Republicans on the House Agriculture Committee privately urged the administration to pause cuts, fearing they’d “hinder the avian flu response”. Rep. Don Bacon (R-NE) criticized DOGE’s approach:
“There’s an old saying: ‘Measure twice, cut once.’ They’re measuring once and having to cut twice. Many of these decisions will need to be reversed.”
Dairy Industry Implications
The staffing chaos couldn’t come at a worse time for dairy farmers. H5N1 has infected over 90 dairy herds since March 2024, causing:
10-20% drops in milk production per infected cow
Quarantines delaying shipments of replacement heifers
Rising feed costs as corn prices spike 18% YoY
While the CDC maintains the public health risk remains “low,” 68 human cases have been confirmed—primarily among poultry and dairy workers—with one fatal encephalitis case in Louisiana.
A Pattern of Precarious Priorities
This marks the second major staffing debacle under DOGE’s watch. Last week, the National Nuclear Security Administration struggled to rehire 300 mistakenly terminated nuclear safety engineers. Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins, confirmed in January 2025, has faced scrutiny for her delayed response to the crisis despite pledging to make HPAI a “top priority”.
The administration’s new strategy of prioritizing poultry vaccinations over mass culling adds complexity. At the same time, the USDA approved an updated H5N1 vaccine in January 2025, but only 12 million doses are available—enough for 5% of the national flock.
The Bottom
As the USDA races to rebuild its outbreak response team, the incident exposes a fatal flaw in treating public health infrastructure like a corporate balance sheet. With H5N1 now endemic in wild birds and spilling over into mammals, sustained expertise—not just emergency funding—will determine whether the U.S. contains this crisis or faces a full-blown pandemic.
The lesson for dairy producers is clear: Monitor herd health vigilantly, enforce strict biosecurity protocols, and advocate for USDA reforms that protect livestock and the specialists tasked with defending our food supply.
Join the Revolution!
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Canada faces a new threat as H5N5 bird flu hits a backyard farm in Newfoundland. With its ability to infect multiple species and potential for zoonotic transmission, this outbreak raises alarm bells for the poultry industry, wildlife conservation, and public health. How will Canada respond to this evolving challenge?
Summary:
Canada has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N5 avian influenza on a backyard poultry farm in Gander Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador. This new strain, related to the H5N1 virus, has raised concerns due to its ability to infect various bird species and mammals. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has implemented strict control measures, while the poultry and dairy industries are on high alert. Although no human cases have been reported, public health officials are closely monitoring the situation. The outbreak highlights the interconnectedness of animal, human, and environmental health, emphasizing the need for a One Health approach in managing zoonotic diseases. As Canada grapples with this challenge, efforts are underway to enhance surveillance, develop vaccines, and improve biosecurity measures across the agricultural sector.
Key Takeaways:
Highly pathogenic H5N5 avian influenza detected in a backyard poultry farm in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
The virus has infected various bird species and mammals, raising concerns about cross-species transmission.
Canadian authorities have implemented strict control measures and biosecurity protocols.
No human cases reported, but public health officials are vigilantly monitoring the situation.
Poultry industry on high alert; over 12.9 million birds affected by avian influenza outbreaks since 2022.
Dairy industry taking proactive measures due to recent H5N1 cases in U.S. dairy herds.
The outbreak underscores the importance of a One Health approach to managing zoonotic diseases.
Efforts are underway to develop vaccines and improve surveillance techniques.
The situation highlights the interconnectedness of global agricultural systems and trade networks.
Ongoing research focuses on genomic surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and predictive modeling to manage future outbreaks.
In a significant development for Canadian agriculture and public health, the World Organisation for Animal Health(WOAH) reported today that Canada has detected an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N5 avian influenza on a non-commercial backyard layer poultry farm in Gander Bay, Newfoundland, and Labrador. This outbreak marks a critical event in the ongoing global battle against avian influenza, raising concerns about its potential impact on the poultry industry, wildlife, and human health.
The Outbreak: Details and Immediate Response
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) confirmed the presence of H5N5 in a backyard flock in Gander Bay, Newfoundland, and Labrador on February 12, 2025. The CFIA has swiftly established a primary control zone (PCZ) in Gander Bay, implementing strict movement restrictions on birds, their products, and byproducts.
H5N5: A New Player in the Avian Influenza Landscape
The H5N5 virus identified in this outbreak is similar to strains circulating in Canada since early 2023. Initially detected in wild birds across eastern Canada, including Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Québec, H5N5 has now made the concerning jump to domestic poultry.
Wildlife Reservoirs and Cross-Species Transmission
One of the most alarming aspects of the H5N5 outbreak is its demonstrated ability to infect various species. The Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) has reported H5N5 infections in several wild bird species, including gulls, northern fulmars, and dovekies. More concerning is the virus’s ability to infect mammals, with cases reported in raccoons, striped skunks, and red foxes across eastern Canada.
“It’s a new virus in name, but it’s very closely related to H5N1 avian influenza virus, which has been circulating in our region for over a year now.” – Megan Jones, director of the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative for the Atlantic region, and an assistant professor at the Atlantic Veterinary College.
Implications for the Poultry and Dairy Industries
While the current outbreak is in a backyard flock, the poultry industry remains highly alert. The CFIA reports that as of November 26, 2024, there were 69 active infected premises across Canada, and over 12.9 million birds have been impacted by avian influenza outbreaks since 2022.
To put this outbreak in context, it’s important to understand the historical impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks on poultry populations worldwide:
Period
Virus Subtype
Poultry Lost (millions)
Most Affected Regions
2005-2010
H5N1
55.2
Asia
2011-2019
Multiple H5
139.9
Various
2020-2022
H5N1, H5N8
193.9
Europe, North America
This table illustrates the increasing severity of HPAI outbreaks over time, with the current wave (2020-2022) having the most significant impact on poultry populations.
Public Health Implications
While H5N5 has not been detected in humans in Canada, the potential for zoonotic transmission remains a concern. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that while the current public health risk is low, they oversee the situation and work with states to monitor people with animal exposures.
“For wildlife, it’s a bit of a precarious situation — obviously, it’s highly contagious. The virus can survive for months in ideal conditions.” – Jory Mullen, Rouge National Urban Park ecosystem scientist.
Biosecurity Measures and Prevention Strategies
In light of the outbreak, the CFIA and provincial authorities are reinforcing the importance of strict biosecurity measures for all poultry producers, regardless of the size of their operations. Key recommendations include:
Preventing contact between poultry and wild birds or other animals
Frequent cleaning of coops, feeders, waterers, and personal protective equipment
Limiting visitors to poultry facilities
Keeping new birds separate from existing flocks for at least 30 days
Promptly reporting any signs of illness to the CFIA or provincial animal health authorities
Vaccination and Research Efforts
There are no licensed vaccines specifically for H5N5 in poultry or livestock. However, the outbreak has intensified calls for accelerated vaccine development against emerging avian influenza strains.
Economic and Trade Considerations
The detection of H5N5 in domestic poultry has led to the WOAH reclassifying Canada’s avian influenza status as “Not Free.” While the current outbreak’s non-commercial nature may mitigate immediate trade impacts, the situation could have broader implications if the virus spreads to commercial operations.
Dairy Industry Preparedness
In light of the H5N5 outbreak in poultry and the recent H5N1 cases in U.S. dairy herds, Canadian dairy farmers are taking proactive measures to protect their livestock. The Canadian dairy industry has implemented several strategies to prevent the introduction and spread of avian influenza in cattle:
Enhanced biosecurity protocols: Farms limit visitor access, ensure workers wear clean work clothes, and increase the use of personal protective equipment.
Surveillance and testing: The CFIA has extensively tested raw and pasteurized milk samples across Canada. As of January 31, 2025, all 1,944 samples tested have been negative for avian influenza.
Import restrictions: Canada has implemented stricter import controls for cattle from the United States, requiring all lactating dairy cows to test negative for avian influenza before entering the country.
Closed herd management: Many Canadian dairy farms maintain closed herds to reduce the risk of disease introduction.
Environmental factors: Canada’s colder climate and indoor housing systems for dairy cattle may provide some natural protection against the spread of avian influenza.
The One Health Approach and Its Relevance to the H5N5 Outbreak
The H5N5 outbreak underscores the importance of a One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. As Canada faces this new challenge, the agricultural sector, public health officials, and researchers are working together to develop innovative solutions. These efforts include:
Advanced genomic surveillance to track viral evolution
Development of rapid, on-farm diagnostic tools for early detection
Research into cross-protective vaccines that could provide immunity against multiple influenza strains
Implementation of AI-driven predictive models to forecast potential outbreaks
As the situation evolves, Canadian authorities remain committed to transparency, rapid response, and international cooperation. The lessons learned from this H5N5 outbreak will undoubtedly shape future strategies for managing zoonotic diseases and protecting animal and human health in an increasingly interconnected world.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
H5N1 bird flu: More widespread than we thought? A new CDC study reveals undetected spread in dairy cattle and veterinarians. Learn crucial updates on the outbreak, economic impacts, and how to protect your herd. Don’t miss vital info on biosecurity, government support, and the race for a vaccine.
Summary:
The H5N1 bird flu is spreading faster than expected, as a CDC study shows it is present in more dairy cattle and veterinarians than previously known, even in areas without reported cases. This prompts farmers to enhance biosecurity to protect their herds. The outbreak has impacted over 950 herds across 16 states, damaging the economy through reduced milk production and increased costs. A newly detected variant, D1.1, raises concerns with its potential for increased spread. Farmers should monitor herd health closely, use government support, and stay updated on vaccine development as the USDA fast-tracks a solution.
Key Takeaways:
Implement enhanced biosecurity measures immediately, even if your area has no reported cases.
Monitor your herd closely for symptoms and participate in regular testing programs.
Prepare for potential market volatility; consider risk management strategies.
Stay informed about evolving guidelines and upcoming vaccination programs.
Utilize available government support resources to mitigate economic impact.
A new CDC study has found that H5N1 infections may be more widespread than previously known. Out of 150 bovine veterinarians surveyed, three (2%) had antibodies to H5N1, suggesting recent infections that went unnoticed. Even more concerning, one of these vets worked exclusively in Georgia and South Carolina, with no officially reported cases in dairy cattle.
What this means for you:
The virus could be present in areas with no confirmed cases
Asymptomatic infections are possible, making detection challenging
Enhanced biosecurity is crucial, even if your state is “clean.”
Current Outbreak Status
As of February 16, 2025:
Over 950 herds affected across 16 states
68 human cases reported, 41 linked to infected cattle
Regional breakdown:
Midwest: Highest concentration of cases, with Iowa and Minnesota most affected
Northeast: Increasing cases in New York and Pennsylvania
West: California hit hard, with nearly 70% of dairies affected since August 2024
Infected cows experience a 10-20% reduction in milk production for 7-10 days
Estimated losses of $100-$200 per affected cow
Increased costs for enhanced biosecurity measures
Potential long-term market instability
Market outlook:
Current milk prices remain stable, but experts warn of potential volatility
If outbreaks continue to spread, prices could increase by 15-20% over the next 6-12 months
Consumer demand may decrease due to safety concerns despite assurances from health officials
New Variant Alert: D1.1 Genotype
A new H5N1 variant, the D1.1 genotype, has been detected in dairy cattle for the first time. This variant:
Was previously found chiefly in wild birds and poultry
Has been implicated in human infections, including a fatal case in Louisiana
Raises concerns about increased transmissibility
Protecting Your Herd: Enhanced Biosecurity Measures
Now more than ever, strict biosecurity is crucial:
Establish clean/dirty lines:
Clearly mark transition areas
Install footbaths and hand sanitizing stations
Control movement:
Limit farm visitors
Implement a log system for all entries and exits
Requires protective gear for all visitors
Equipment sanitation:
Develop a rigorous cleaning schedule, especially for milking equipment
Use EPA-approved disinfectants effective against H5N1
Worker protection:
Provide appropriate PPE, including N95 masks, eye protection, and gloves
Train staff on proper PPE use
Herd management:
Isolate new arrivals for at least 30 days
Implement daily health checks
Work with your vet on targeted testing protocols
Biosafety Measures for Handling H5N1 Samples
While most dairy farmers won’t directly handle H5N1 samples, it’s essential to understand the strict biosafety measures required in laboratory settings. These requirements underscore the seriousness of the H5N1 threat and the need for strict biosecurity on farms.
Activity and Specimen Types
Minimum Containment Level
Pure cultures or isolates of Avian Influenza A(H5N1)
Animal primary specimens or samples that may contain H5N1
Containment Level 2
Specimens suspected or confirmed to contain H5N1
Containment Level 3
Government Support and Resources
The USDA has expanded support for dairy farmers:
Up to $1,500 per farm to develop and implement a biosecurity plan
$100 for purchasing an in-line milk sampler
Reimbursement of up to $2,000 for veterinary costs related to H5N1 testing
Compensation for lost milk production in affected herds (90% of lost production per cow)
Looking Ahead: Vaccine Development
The USDA is fast-tracking the development of an H5N1 vaccine for dairy cattle. While not yet available, preliminary results are promising. Experts anticipate:
Initial field trials to begin in late 2025
Potential limited rollout to high-risk areas by mid-2026
Widespread availability, if approved, by early 2027
Stay informed about potential voluntary vaccination programs in the coming months. While this situation is challenging, the dairy industry has overcome obstacles. We can protect our herds and livelihoods by staying vigilant and working together.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Nevada reports first human H5N1 case in dairy worker. Mild symptoms, but concerns rise as new D1.1 genotype found in cattle. USDA investigation reveals mammalian adaptation mutation. Industry on high alert as cases spread. How will this impact dairy farms nationwide? Stay informed on this evolving situation.
Summary:
Nevada has reported its first human case of H5N1 bird flu, found in a dairy worker from Churchill County, who had been exposed to sick cows and developed a mild eye infection. This case is part of a growing outbreak impacting the U.S. dairy industry, with 68 human infections since early 2024, mostly among dairy workers. The specific D1.1 genotype of the virus, already spreading among cows, poses serious challenges and is linked to genetic changes like the D701N mutation, which could mean the virus is adapting to mammals. Nationwide, 962 cases have been found in livestock, including 739 in California, indicating a need for strict safety measures and support to manage the situation.
Key Takeaways:
The first human H5N1 case in Nevada involves a dairy worker, highlighting the occupational risk for those engaged with livestock.
The CNHD is taking proactive measures by monitoring potentially exposed individuals and promoting protective equipment and antiviral use.
The detection of the D1.1 genotype from cattle marks a new spillover event, distinct from previous outbreaks linked to another genotype.
USDA investigations reveal that positive H5N1 samples were found through milk testing, underscoring the importance of surveillance.
Economic implications for the dairy industry include reduced milk production and increased costs, emphasizing the need for biosecurity enhancements.
There is ongoing development of an H5N1 vaccine for dairy cows to better manage and prevent future outbreaks.
Enhanced biosecurity measures such as restricted farm access, equipment disinfection, and wildlife control are vital for containment.
Farmers can benefit from USDA support through financial assistance and compensation programs for lost productivity.
Maintaining strict biosecurity and vigilance is crucial as the dairy industry seeks to adapt to H5N1’s challenges and implications.
The Central Nevada Health District (CNHD) has confirmed the state’s first human case of H5N1 avian influenza in a dairy worker from Churchill County, Nevada, marking a significant development in the ongoing outbreak affecting the U.S. dairy industry. The infected worker, who had contact with sick cows, only experienced conjunctivitis and is currently in recovery. As of early 2024, this brings the total number of confirmed human H5N1 infections in the United States to 68, with 41 cases specifically among dairy workers.
Outbreak Details and Public Health Response
The CNHD is closely watching people in close contact and those who may have been exposed, providing protective gear and antiviral medications. Although the general population faces a low public health risk, individuals working with birds, poultry, or cows are at a higher risk of exposure.
Recent detections in Churchill County showed the presence of the D1.1 genotype, indicating the transmission of a second H5N1 genotype from cattle in the area, which poses unique challenges in controlling the outbreak. This genotype is different from the B3.13 genotype identified in previous outbreaks. The D1.1 genotype, widely circulating in wild migratory birds, has been linked to several human illnesses, some severe.
USDA Investigation Findings
The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) released a technical briefing on February 7, 2025, revealing critical details about the D1.1 H5N1 genotype detection in Nevada dairy cows:
Detection Method: Positive samples were initially found through milk testing, with 3 out of 11 silo samples testing positive in early January.
Affected Herds: Two dairies were confirmed to have avian flu after on-farm bulk milk sample testing.
Genetic Analysis: Whole-genome sequencing confirmed the H5N1 2.3.4.4 lineage and D1.1 genotype in four bulk milk samples from one herd, with a partial sequence consistent with D1.1 found in a second herd.
Clinical Signs: Cows didn’t show clinical signs until after the detections, complicating early identification efforts.
Environmental Factors: Large wild bird die-offs were reported near the affected facilities, highlighting the potential transmission route.
Genetic Mutations and Adaptations
The investigation uncovered critical genetic findings with potential implications for the virus’s spread and adaptation:
Mammalian Adaptation: The D701N mutation in the PB2 gene, known for its role in mammalian adaptation, was found in samples from four cows, raising concerns about the virus’s potential to spread to humans.
Unique Occurrence: This mutation hasn’t been observed in D1.1 viruses from wild birds or in dairy cows with the B3.13 genotype, suggesting a potential adaptation specific to the dairy cattle environment.
Human Cases: The D701N mutation has been observed in human cases, but there is no evidence of human-to-human transmission, highlighting the importance of ongoing vigilance and research.
Industry Impact and Response
As of February 11, 2025, APHIS has confirmed a total of 962 H5N1 detections in livestock nationwide, with California comprising 739 cases and Nevada now reporting seven confirmed cases. This rapid spread underscores the urgent need for enhanced biosecurity measures and industry-wide adaptation.
Economic Consequences
The H5N1 outbreak is having substantial financial repercussions for dairy farmers:
Milk production losses: Infected cows experience a 10-20% decrease in milk production over 7-10 days.
Financial impact: Estimates suggest that H5N1 costs dairy cattle between $100 and $200 per cow.
Additional expenses: Farmers face increased costs for biosecurity measures, veterinary care, and potential herd replacements.
Biosecurity Measures
Implementing strict biosecurity protocols is crucial for preventing and controlling the spread of H5N1:
Limiting farm access: Restricting visitors and implementing cleaning procedures for essential personnel.
Equipment management: Disinfecting shared equipment and vehicles to prevent cross-contamination.
Animal movement: Minimizing cattle movements and isolating new or returning animals for at least 21 days.
Wildlife control: Preventing wild bird access to cattle, feed, and water sources.
Government Support and Regulations
Farmers and industry professionals must navigate new regulations and support programs:
Financial assistance: The USDA is offering compensation for lost milk production and support for biosecurity improvements.
Testing requirements: Mandatory testing for interstate movement of lactating dairy cows.
Vaccination development: Efforts are underway to develop an H5N1 vaccine for dairy cows.
Human Health Concerns
The zoonotic potential of H5N1 adds another layer of complexity:
Worker safety: Implementing personal protective equipment and safety protocols for farm workers.
Public health: Ensuring the safety of milk and dairy products through pasteurization and testing.
Industry Adaptation
The dairy industry must adapt to the new reality of H5N1:
Enhanced monitoring: Implementing regular testing and surveillance of herds.
Supply chain management: Addressing potential disruptions in milk supply and distribution.
Research and development: Investing in studies to better understand the virus and develop effective control measures.
Long-term Implications
The H5N1 outbreak may have lasting effects on the dairy industry:
Herd management practices: Potential long-term changes in breeding, housing, and animal care protocols.
Market perception: Addressing consumer concerns about milk safety and animal welfare.
Industry resilience: Developing strategies to better prepare for and respond to future disease outbreaks.
Next Steps for Dairy Farmers
Implement strict biosecurity measures, including limiting farm access and disinfecting shared equipment.
Monitor herds closely for any signs of illness, especially after reports of wild bird die-offs nearby.
Participate in milk testing programs to aid early detection efforts.
Ensure proper personal protective equipment use for all farm workers.
Ensure you stay informed about USDA compensation programs available for affected producers.
The quick response of the Nevada Department of Agriculture in enrolling herds in the national milk testing program and quarantining affected herds has been praised for helping to contain the spread. Despite this, the dairy industry must remain vigilant and adaptable in response to this evolving threat to safeguard public health and industry sustainability.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
BREAKING: Nevada dairy herds confirm first cases of highly pathogenic H5N1 D1.1 strain in cattle, linked to severe human illness and poultry deaths. While the milder B3.13 strain has infected 1,000+ herds since 2023, D1.1’s emergence triggers 30-50% milk losses, rising egg prices, and urgent biosecurity upgrades amid CDC’s “low risk” assessment.
Summary:
A new strain of bird flu, D1.1, has been found in four Nevada dairy herds, marking the first time it’s been confirmed in cattle. Unlike the milder B3.13 strain, D1.1 causes severe illness and has significantly increased egg prices by 47%, along with dairy challenges like a 30-50% drop in milk production. The USDA is leading investigations and putting stricter safety measures in place. While authorities say the risk to humans is low, the situation highlights the flu’s adaptability and poses new challenges for the dairy industry.
Key Takeaways:
The new H5N1 D1.1 strain impacts both human health and agricultural productivity, being the first detected in cattle.
Dairy herd infections lead to significant economic losses, including decreased milk yield and disrupted supply chains.
Enhanced biosecurity measures are critical to protect livestock and farm workers, given PPE shortages and potential exposure risks.
Government and industry responses include deploying rapid-response teams and discussing emergency funding to mitigate impacts.
Producers are encouraged to adapt through strategies like crossbreeding programs and lobbying for financial support.
The outbreak underscores the unpredictable nature of virus mutations, urging continuous vigilance and adaptation in risk management.
A highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza variant (D1.1)—associated with severe human illnesses and poultry deaths—has been confirmed in four Nevada dairy herds, marking the first detection of this strain in cattle specifically. The emergence of D1.1 introduces new risks and challenges for dairy producers, despite the previous infection of nearly 1,000 U.S. herds with the H5N1 bird flu B3.13 strain since late 2023.
Existing H5N1 Threat Evolves
Regarding the D1.1 strain:
It has circulated in North American wild birds and poultry since 2024.
It causes severe respiratory illness in humans, unlike the B3.13 strain, which led to 40 cases in the U.S. related to dairy cows in 2024.
Caused a 47% surge in egg prices due to poultry flock decimation.
Dr. Peter Rolfe stated that while H5N1 has been present in cows since 2023, the arrival of D1.1 signifies a more dangerous threat.
Immediate Economic Fallout
Dairy-specific impacts:
Infected herds face 30–50% milk yield drops, costing a 1,000-cow operation up to 5,000 liters daily.
Quarantine zones in Nevada’s Churchill County disrupt supply chains, delaying shipments and raising feed costs.
Consumer fears could deepen despite pasteurization’s safety, mirroring the poultry sector’s panic.
Table: D1.1 vs. B3.13
Factor
D1.1
B3.13
Human Severity
Severe respiratory illness
Mild (pink eye, fever)
Poultry Mortality
High
Moderate
Cattle Symptoms
Fever, coughing, 30–50% milk loss
Fever, pink eye, reduced milk
Biosecurity and Worker Safety
New mandatory protocols now include measures to deter wildlife, test silos, and limit farm access.
Reported PPE shortages in rural Nevada raise liability concerns for exposed workers.
Unknown exposure risks for Nevada farmworkers handling D1.1-infected cows.
According to Ciara Ressel, biosecurity is essential for survival, leading farms to implement poultry-style containment measures quickly.
Industry Response and Next Steps
Federal/State Actions:
USDA is deploying rapid-response teams to Nevada for traceback investigations.
Emergency funding talks are underway to offset losses, mimicking poultry sector bailouts.
Producer Strategies:
Audit flyover zones between poultry/dairy sites to block cross-contamination.
Diversify revenue via beef crossbreeding programs for at-risk cows.
Lobby for compensation through state ag committees.
The Bottom Line
This outbreak reveals a significant problem with previous assumptions: the adaptability and mutation capability of H5N1. While pasteurization safeguards milk safety, D1.1’s arrival in dairy herds signals a permanent shift in risk management. Producers must balance transparency (to reassure consumers) with biosecurity secrecy (to protect operational viability). Another strain will emerge; it’s just a matter of when.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Dairy farmer John, a third-generation dairy farmer from Wisconsin, wipes sweat from his brow, eyeing his herd with growing unease. His phone buzzes—another alert about H5N1 cases nearby. In Washington, Dr. Jane Smith, a virologist at the CDC, frowns at the latest data, sensing a looming crisis. Meanwhile, Tom Vilsack, Agriculture Secretary, takes a deep breath before addressing a room full of anxious industry leaders. The battle against bird flu in America’s heartland is about to intensify.
Summary:
The HPAI H5N1 virus’s incursion into U.S. dairy farms has engendered considerable alarm, especially in California, which bears the brunt of the outbreak. The drop in milk production and financial losses have prompted swift action from the USDA, allocating $98 million towards crucial support measures. Experts emphasize that while the milk supply remains safe, the virus’s adaptation to mammals necessitates vigilant monitoring and proactive research efforts. As the industry navigates this crisis, stakeholders remain committed to safeguarding animal health and food security, underscoring the urgency of developing new protective strategies, including potential vaccines.
Key Takeaways:
The H5N1 bird flu virus has unexpectedly spread to over 930 U.S. dairy farms, significantly impacting milk production.
California is the most affected, seeing a 9.2% drop in milk output, causing economic strain on farmers.
A $98 million support package is in place, aiming to help dairy farmers with biosecurity costs and loss compensation.
There are concerns about the virus potentially mutating to affect mammals, including humans, with 66 human cases reported linked to dairy cattle.
Federal agencies affirm that the commercial milk supply remains safe through rigorous testing and safety measures.
The dairy industry is focusing on enhanced biosecurity and research to prevent future outbreaks.
Since March 2024, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has infected more than 930 dairy farms across 17 U.S. states. This outbreak has sparked concerns about the virus’s potential to genetically mutate and directly threaten the dairy industry by affecting milk production and endangering public health.
Unprecedented Spread in Dairy Cattle
The H5N1 virus, typically found in birds, has surprisingly been transmitted to dairy cows on a massive scale. California has been hit hardest, with 720 farms affected and a 9.2% drop in milk production since late 2024. This rapid spread caught the industry off guard, prompting quick action from federal agencies and dairy farmers.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack stated, “USDA remains fully committed to working with farmers and our public health partners to evolve our strategy based on our latest findings so we can keep people and animals safe from this virus.”
Why did this bird flu spread so rapidly among dairy cows, prompting ongoing investigations by experts?
USDA’s $98 Million Support Package for Dairy Farmers
The outbreak has dealt a heavy blow to dairy farmers, causing financial losses from decreased milk production and higher costs for ensuring farm safety. In response, the USDA has rolled out support programs, including:
Compensation for lost milk production
Up to $1,500 per farm for biosecurity planning
$100 payments for farmers implementing in-line milk samplers to enhance milk safety measures.
These measures are part of a larger $98 million fund to help the industry fight the outbreak.
Mutation Concerns and Public Health Risks
The virus’s quick spread among cows has raised alarms about its potential to mutate and adapt to mammals, including humans. While the risk to the public remains low, 66 human cases linked to dairy cattle have been reported in the U.S. since 2024.
The CDC is closely monitoring the situation. Any virus that can spread across different animal species is a grave concern that demands their immediate and unwavering attention.
Ensuring Milk Safety Amid the Outbreak
Despite the outbreak’s severity, federal agencies maintain that the commercial milk supply remains safe. The USDA, FDA, and CDC have implemented strict safety measures, such as diverting or destroying milk from sick cows, confirming that pasteurization kills the virus, and testing dairy products nationwide for H5N1.
Diverting or destroying milk from sick cows
Confirming that pasteurization kills the virus
Testing dairy products nationwide for H5N1
However, experts strongly advise against consuming unpasteurized milk products as they may contain the virus due to higher contamination risks.
Looking Ahead: Protecting Dairy Herds
As the industry faces this new threat, experts stress the need for better biosecurity and ongoing research to address it. The USDA promotes good practices among farmers and investigates how the virus spreads between farms to prevent further outbreaks.
Implementing rapid, on-farm testing and exploring vaccines for dairy cattle could revolutionize outbreak management by enabling early detection and immunity, thus preventing future outbreaks.
Please share your strategies for protecting your herds from this evolving threat and your thoughts and experiences in the comments below.
Join the Revolution!
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Avian flu has struck Nevada’s dairy cows, sending shockwaves through the industry. With hundreds of herds affected nationwide, farmers face unprecedented challenges. Learn how this outbreak impacts the dairy sector, what it means for milk safety, and the crucial steps to protect both animals and consumers.
Summary:
Confirming Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Nevada’s dairy cows is worrying for the dairy industry. It started in Nye County and has now spread to Churchill County, leading to quarantines and mandatory testing on affected farms. This is part of a more significant outbreak affecting 924 dairy herds in 16 states since last March. Pasteurized dairy products are still safe, but there are concerns about market impacts and the cost of quarantine. The USDA has launched a national testing program to help stop the spread of H5N1 among cows. While the risk to humans is low, the industry faces significant challenges. Safety tips include drinking pasteurized milk, eating pasteurized cheeses, and cooking meat properly. State Veterinarian Peter Rolfe stresses boosting biosecurity to protect animals and workers.
Key Takeaways:
First detection of avian flu in Nevada dairy cows prompts quarantine and testing measures.
Avian influenza H5N1 has affected 924 dairy herds across the United States.
Pasteurization is effective against virus transmission, maintaining dairy safety.
USDA’s national H5N1 milk testing program aims to mitigate spread among herds.
Severe challenges face dairy farmers, including biosecurity demands and market risks.
The Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA) has confirmed cases of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in dairy cattle in Churchill County. This news follows the first detection of HPAI in Nevada’s dairy cows in Nye County last December, raising concerns about the virus’s spread and impact on the dairy industry.
Outbreak Details and Response
The affected farms in Churchill County are now under quarantine. Mandatory testing will continue until the herds are confirmed virus-free. State Veterinarian Peter Rolfe stressed the importance of boosting biosecurity measures to prevent disease and protect animals and workers.
Key actions taken:
Quarantine of affected farms
Ongoing mandatory testing
Enhanced biosecurity practices
National Situation
Since last March, the bird flu outbreak has hit dairy herds across multiple states. As of January 10, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported:
924 dairy herds in 16 states affected by H5N1
Nearly 11,000 wild birds in 51 U.S. jurisdictions infected
About 134 million poultry in all 50 U.S. states impacted
“Ensuring the industry’s safety is our top priority, and the NDA is working closely with dairy farmers,” said NDA State Veterinarian Peter Rolfe.
Safety of Dairy Products
The NDA has assured consumers that dairy and meat products are safe. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has determined that pasteurized milk will not transmit the virus to humans. However, raw milk remains illegal in Nevada, and officials continue to recommend following food safety guidelines.
Food safety tips:
Drink only pasteurized milk and eat pasteurized cheeses
Cook meat to proper internal temperatures
National Testing Program
The USDA has started a national H5N1 milk testing program in response to the outbreak, which aims to include all 48 mainland states. The program seeks to stop H5N1 from spreading among dairy cows and lower the risk of transmission to humans or other animals.
Human Health Concerns
While the CDC maintains that the risk to humans remains low, the recent outbreak has raised some concerns. In April last year, the CDC confirmed one human HPAI A(H5N1) infection in Texas, believed to be the first case of the virus’s likely mammal-to-human spread. Since then, a few human cases have been reported in people exposed to infected dairy cows.
“We’re in a tough spot, and it could get worse,” said Angela Rasmussen, a virologist at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. “I don’t know if bird flu will become a pandemic, but if it does, we’re in trouble.”
Industry Impact and Challenges
The dairy industry faces significant hurdles as it deals with the H5N1 outbreak. Farmers worry about potential market losses and the financial impact of quarantine measures. The National Milk Producers Federation reports that some farmers fear being officially listed as an affected farm, though no cases of lost milk markets have been confirmed yet.
Industry concerns:
Possible market losses
Financial strain from quarantine measures
Worry about being listed as an affected farm
Key Takeaways
HPAI detected in dairy cattle in Churchill County, Nevada
924 dairy herds across 16 states have been affected by H5N1 since last March
Pasteurized milk remains safe to drink
USDA implementing a national milk testing program
Industry facing challenges with potential market impacts and biosecurity measures
The Bottom Line
As the dairy industry navigates this unprecedented challenge, farmers must stay vigilant, implement strict biosecurity protocols, and follow the latest guidelines from agricultural authorities. Dairy farmers should contact their local extension office for the most current information on biosecurity measures and testing procedures to protect their herds from avian influenza.
Avian flu has struck Nevada’s dairy cows, sending shockwaves through the industry. With hundreds of herds affected nationwide, farmers face unprecedented challenges. Learn how this outbreak impacts the dairy sector, what it means for milk safety, and the crucial steps to protect both animals and consumers.
Summary:
Confirming Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Nevada’s dairy cows is worrying for the dairy industry. It started in Nye County and has now spread to Churchill County, leading to quarantines and mandatory testing on affected farms. This is part of a more significant outbreak affecting 924 dairy herds in 16 states since last March. Pasteurized dairy products are still safe, but there are concerns about market impacts and the cost of quarantine. The USDA has launched a national testing program to help stop the spread of H5N1 among cows. While the risk to humans is low, the industry faces significant challenges. Safety tips include drinking pasteurized milk, eating pasteurized cheeses, and cooking meat properly. State Veterinarian Peter Rolfe stresses boosting biosecurity to protect animals and workers.
Key Takeaways:
First detection of avian flu in Nevada dairy cows prompts quarantine and testing measures.
Avian influenza H5N1 has affected 924 dairy herds across the United States.
Pasteurization is effective against virus transmission, maintaining dairy safety.
USDA’s national H5N1 milk testing program aims to mitigate spread among herds.
Severe challenges face dairy farmers, including biosecurity demands and market risks.
The Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA) has confirmed cases of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in dairy cattle in Churchill County. This news follows the first detection of HPAI in Nevada’s dairy cows in Nye County last December, raising concerns about the virus’s spread and impact on the dairy industry.
Outbreak Details and Response
The affected farms in Churchill County are now under quarantine. Mandatory testing will continue until the herds are confirmed virus-free. State Veterinarian Peter Rolfe stressed the importance of boosting biosecurity measures to prevent disease and protect animals and workers.
Key actions taken:
Quarantine of affected farms
Ongoing mandatory testing
Enhanced biosecurity practices
National Situation
Since last March, the bird flu outbreak has hit dairy herds across multiple states. As of January 10, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported:
924 dairy herds in 16 states affected by H5N1
Nearly 11,000 wild birds in 51 U.S. jurisdictions infected
About 134 million poultry in all 50 U.S. states impacted
“Ensuring the industry’s safety is our top priority, and the NDA is working closely with dairy farmers,” said NDA State Veterinarian Peter Rolfe.
Safety of Dairy Products
The NDA has assured consumers that dairy and meat products are safe. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has determined that pasteurized milk will not transmit the virus to humans. However, raw milk remains illegal in Nevada, and officials continue to recommend following food safety guidelines.
Food safety tips:
Drink only pasteurized milk and eat pasteurized cheeses
Cook meat to proper internal temperatures
National Testing Program
The USDA has started a national H5N1 milk testing program in response to the outbreak, which aims to include all 48 mainland states. The program seeks to stop H5N1 from spreading among dairy cows and lower the risk of transmission to humans or other animals.
Human Health Concerns
While the CDC maintains that the risk to humans remains low, the recent outbreak has raised some concerns. In April last year, the CDC confirmed one human HPAI A(H5N1) infection in Texas, believed to be the first case of the virus’s likely mammal-to-human spread. Since then, a few human cases have been reported in people exposed to infected dairy cows.
“We’re in a tough spot, and it could get worse,” said Angela Rasmussen, a virologist at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. “I don’t know if bird flu will become a pandemic, but if it does, we’re in trouble.”
Industry Impact and Challenges
The dairy industry faces significant hurdles as it deals with the H5N1 outbreak. Farmers worry about potential market losses and the financial impact of quarantine measures. The National Milk Producers Federation reports that some farmers fear being officially listed as an affected farm, though no cases of lost milk markets have been confirmed yet.
Industry concerns:
Possible market losses
Financial strain from quarantine measures
Worry about being listed as an affected farm
Key Takeaways
HPAI detected in dairy cattle in Churchill County, Nevada
924 dairy herds across 16 states have been affected by H5N1 since last March
Pasteurized milk remains safe to drink
USDA implementing a national milk testing program
Industry facing challenges with potential market impacts and biosecurity measures
The Bottom Line
As the dairy industry navigates this unprecedented challenge, farmers must stay vigilant, implement strict biosecurity protocols, and follow the latest guidelines from agricultural authorities. Dairy farmers should contact their local extension office for the most current information on biosecurity measures and testing procedures to protect their herds from avian influenza.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Bird flu strikes again, this time devastating a Long Island duck farm. But why should dairy farmers care? This outbreak offers crucial lessons on biosecurity and disease management that could save your herd. Learn how H5N1 impacts the dairy industry and how you can protect your farm.
Summary:
A severe bird flu outbreak hit Crescent Duck Farm on Long Island, leading to the culling of 100,000 ducks and causing massive job losses and market disruption. This highlights the urgent need for strong biosecurity measures, mainly since the virus has spread to 930 dairy herds in 17 US states. In California alone, 712 farms have been affected, causing a 9.2% drop in milk production. Sick cows produce less milk because they devour less and tire. Improving biosecurity, isolating and treating sick cows rapidly, providing workers with protective gear, and regularly checking herd health are crucial to protect your farm. The industry is hopeful for new vaccines, but pasteurization remains effective at keeping store-bought milk safe. Dairy farmers should now review their disease prevention plans to safeguard their herds and livelihoods.
Key Takeaways:
The H5N1 outbreak demonstrates the importance of biosecurity measures on farms.
Dairy farmers face a significant impact, with 930 herds affected across the U.S.
Proactive health monitoring and rapid response can safeguard herd health.
Developing effective vaccines is crucial for both the poultry and dairy sectors.
Commercial pasteurization ensures the safety of milk products during outbreaks.
A severe bird flu outbreak has struck Crescent Duck Farm in Aquebogue, Long Island, necessitating the culling of 100,000 ducks. This event provides essential lessons for dairy farmers on disease control and farm management.
The Outbreak
On January 17, 2025, Crescent Duck Farm confirmed an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. The farm, operating since 1908, must now euthanize all its birds to prevent the virus from spreading.
Doug Corwin owns the farm and said, “It’s my legacy. We’re iconic, considering we are what Long Island was known for. And I don’t want it to end this way.”
Impact on the Farm
Consequences of the outbreak include:
Job Losses: The farm had to lay off 47 out of 75 workers.
Market Impact: The farm produces 3.5% of all ducks sold in the U.S.
Uncertain Future: Clean-up will take 2-3 months, and the farm’s future is unclear.
Dr. Gregson Pigott, Suffolk County Health Commissioner, explained, “Unfortunately when you have a situation like this where you have a flock that’s infected, the remedy is to put the entire flock down.”
Why Dairy Farmers Should Care
Reasons dairy farmers should care about this outbreak include:
H5N1 in Cattle: The virus has also infected dairy cows. As of January 2025, 930 dairy herds in 17 states had H5N1, with 712 farms affected in California alone.
Milk Production Drop: Sick cows eat less, get tired quickly, and produce less milk. California has seen a 9.2% fall in milk output since late 2024 due to H5N1.
Biosecurity Importance: This case shows why strong disease prevention measures are crucial on all farms, including dairy ones.
Protecting Your Dairy Farm
To protect your dairy farm, consider implementing the following lessons from this outbreak:
Improve farm biosecurity measures
Quickly isolate and treat sick cows
Give workers proper protective gear
Check herd health often and report odd symptoms right away
Corwin learned that despite identifying and strengthening weaknesses, it was not enough.
Looking Ahead
The poultry and dairy industries are looking forward to developing new vaccines to combat the spread of diseases. Corwin won’t restart his farm without a poultry vaccine, which is a concern dairy farmers might share.
The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration) closely monitor the situation. They’ve confirmed that pasteurization kills H5N1 in raw milk, so commercial milk remains safe.
Key Points to Remember
The H5N1 outbreak at Crescent Duck Farm led to the culling of 100,000 ducks and significant losses.
930 dairy herds across 17 U.S. states have H5N1 as of January 2025.
Better biosecurity and possible vaccines offer hope for poultry and dairy farms.
Pasteurization still kills H5N1 in raw milk, keeping store-bought milk safe.
The Bottom Line
This outbreak demonstrates the rapid spread and chaos caused by animal diseases. As a dairy farmer, staying vigilant and proactive in protecting your herd and livelihood is crucial. Therefore, it is essential to take decisive action now by carefully reviewing your farm’s disease prevention plan.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Learn how Canada’s strict safety rules, careful watching, and import checks keep dairy cows safe from H5N1 bird flu. Could these methods help other countries, too?
Summary:
Canada has kept H5N1 bird flu out of its dairy cows by using careful strategies like strong farm cleanliness, early virus checks, and strict import rules. Farms focus on keeping animals healthy, preventing disease, and controlling animal movements. The cold climate and certain geographic features also help by reducing contact with wild birds. While challenges like uneven biosecurity practices exist, Canada’s approach has worked well, especially compared to the United States, where the virus reached dairy cows. Overall, Canada’s success comes from mixing thoughtful planning with natural advantages.
Key Takeaways:
Robust biosecurity protocols in Canada significantly mitigate the risk of H5N1 transmission to dairy cows.
Surveillance systems in Canada provide early detection capabilities, preventing widespread outbreaks.
Canada’s colder climate may die there, affecting the survivability and spread of avian influenza.
Stringent import restrictions safeguard Canadian dairy herds from external H5N1 threats.
Canada’s proactive and multifaceted approach maintains its dairy cows’ freedom from H5N1 despite challenges.
Do you know how Canada keeps the H5N1 bird flu away from its dairy cows? Even though the virus is causing problems in the United States and Mexico, no Canadian dairy cow has been infected. This isn’t just luck; it’s because of five innovative strategies: strict farm cleanliness rules, careful watching to spot the virus early, natural barriers that limit contact with wild birds, and strict regulations for animals to prevent diseases like H5N1. These rules are part of the National Biosecurity Standards of other countries. These efforts, which have proven successful, show Canada’s unwavering commitment to keeping its dairy industry healthy and its milk safe.
Canadian dairy farms follow strict rules to prevent diseases like H5N1. These rules are part of the National Biosecurity Standards plan, supported by the Dairy Farmers of Canada’s proAction program. The National Biosecurity Standards guide Canadian dairy farms. They focus on keeping animals healthy, safely moving them around, and keeping everything clean, helping keep the industry safe.
Animal Health Management: Farms check animal health often and give vaccines to keep animals healthy. This helps them find and fix health problems early.
Detailed explanation of farms’ specific protocols and practices to control animal movements within and between farms to prevent disease transmission.
Sanitation: Farms regularly clean equipment, vehicles, and buildings to kill germs.
The proAction program adds to these rules by asking farmers to take special biosecurity steps. Farmers must check for biosecurity risks with their vet every two years, write down their rules, and ensure everyone follows them to keep animals and people safe. Many Canadian dairy farmers do this to help keep their dairy cows free from the H5N1 virus.
Pioneering Surveillance: Canada’s Watchful Eye on Bird Flu
Canada has an effective system for monitoring bird flu to protect its dairy cows from H5N1. This system works because different groups work together to catch problems early and act quickly.
The system mainly focuses on two things:
Wild Bird Monitoring: Since 2005, Canada has been closely monitoring wild birds for avian influenza through the Interagency Surveillance Program. This program collects reports about sick or dead birds, which experts use to track the virus. More than 17,000 wild birds have been tested to understand where the virus is spreading. These efforts help prevent the virus from spreading to farm animals.
Domestic Poultry Testing: The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) tests domestic animals and raw milk to ensure safety. In 2024, 1,432 raw milk samples from all provinces, including Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta, were tested, and none tested positive for the virus. This checking system is key to keeping dairy cows healthy and the dairy industry strong.
Canada’s strong watching system follows a One Health approach, examining human, animal, and environmental health together. This teamwork helps find and fix problems quickly, keeping Canada’s dairy cows free from H5N1.
Cold Advantage: Canada’s Geography Shields Its Dairy Herds
Canada’s geography helps protect its dairy cattle from H5N1 bird flu. The vast land areas ensure a distance between dairy farms and wild birds, reducing the risk of virus transmission. In the north, where most dairy farms are, barns are often fully enclosed to keep out the cold and prevent wild birds from getting close to the cows. This setup contrasts with regions like the southern U.S., known for its warmer climate.
Also, the cold climate has an unexpected benefit. Colds usually help the virus live longer outside. Still, because cows stay indoors during the freezing winters, the virus can’t spread quickly among them. These indoor setups and strong cleaning rules keep outside diseases from spreading.
With these geographic and weather factors, plus strong biosecurity, Canada’s dairy herds are well protected against avian flu. Canada shows a strong defense against H5N1 by using natural benefits and good management.
Guarded Borders: Canada’s Rigorous Protocols for Dairy Imports
By imposing strict import rules, Canada is working hard to protect its dairy industry from the H5N1 bird flu. This means that dairy cows from the United States must be tested, especially after the bird flu was found in U.S. herds. Canadian rules say that all lactating dairy cows brought into Canada must test negative for the bird flu virus before entering.
Also, when Canadian dairy cows participate in international events like the World Dairy Expo in Madison, they must follow strict health checks. Before leaving and returning to Canada, these cows must pass health tests and follow the rules. This shows how serious Canada is about keeping its dairy cows healthy and protected from this dangerous virus.
Biosecurity Gaps: Navigating the Path to Improved Safety
Keeping Canada’s dairy farms safe from H5N1 bird flu isn’t just about past achievements; it’s about staying alert and improving. Although we have strong systems, not all farms follow biosecurity rules similarly, leaving some gaps. This virus is tricky and can change, making it a formidable opponent.
Some farms are careful about sanitation, animal health management, and cattle movement control. But others aren’t as strict, increasing the risk of a potential outbreak. This inconsistency often stems from different views on biosecurity risk and the supply management system, sometimes making farmers feel less pressured to follow strict rules.
The H5N1 virus is intelligent and can adapt. It’s not inactive; it changes and looks for weak spots, becoming more of a threat as it evolves to overcome current defenses.
Enhancing biosecurity on farms requires continuous efforts rather than a one-time task. It needs ongoing hard workfrom the government, dairy groups, and farmers to ensure everyone sticks to the national standards. This continuous effort is a testament to Canada’s commitment to the safety of its dairy industry.
Provide specific examples of strategies or initiatives, such as regular training programs or technology upgrades, implemented to ensure ongoing preparation and foresight in protecting Canada’s dairy cows from bird flu. It’s not just about closing the biosecurity gaps but also about monitoring how the virus might change. Provide specific examples or details showcasing how continuous monitoring and preparedness are maintained to ensure the strength of Canada’s dairy farms against evolving threats.
A Tale of Two Countries: Canada’s Unwavering Defense Against H5N1
State
Number of Affected Herds
Total Infected Cows
Measures Implemented
California
120
5,000
Comprehensive testing, movement restrictions
Texas
75
3,200
Vaccination, financial assistance
Kansas
50
2,000
Biosecurity enhancements, quarantine areas
Michigan
60
2,600
Increased surveillance, herd monitoring
New Mexico
40
1,800
Isolation of affected herds
While the United States has found H5N1 bird flu in dairy cattle in several states like Texas, Kansas, and California, Canada has kept its dairy cows free from this virus. This difference shows how well Canada’s plans are working to stop outbreaks. The U.S. had to deal with the virus in over 600 cow herds, incurring significant financial costs. This situation required actions such as restricting animal movements, conducting thorough testing, and providing financial assistance to farmers. In comparison, Canada has used strict safety rules, rigid import rules, and careful monitoring to keep the virus away. Canada’s strong plan is a good example of how to protect its dairy industry from the problems the U.S. is facing.
Comparing Avian Flu Strategies: Canada vs. Mexico
When we compare how Canada has kept the H5N1 bird flu away from its dairy cows to how Mexico has, we see essential differences in location and procedures. Like the United States, Mexico has faced bird flu cases. This is mainly due to its position on bird migration paths and different ways of handling farm safety. In 2024, Mexico had more than 45 bird flu outbreaks on farms, affecting about 30% of its poultry (source: Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, 2024).
Both countries use farm safety measures, but their strictness makes a difference. Mexico has many different regions, and not all farms have high security, so unique plans are needed for each area. The Food and Agriculture Organization says only about 60% of Mexican farms follow recommended safety rules, which is not as good as Canada’s almost 90% rate (source: FAO).
Mexico tries to use systems like Canada’s but faces unique challenges with the environment and money that make it hard to follow safety rules everywhere.
Mexico is close to busy bird migration paths, with over 150 bird species passing through the area each year (source: National Institute of Ecology).
High cost makes it hard to use all safety steps, needing about $28 million every year (source: Mexican Ministry of Economy).
The warm climate helps the virus survive and spread, with temperatures often over 20°C (source: Mexican Meteorological Service).
These differences show why Canada’s farm safety is better and how important it is to have specific plans to stop bird flu from spreading.
The Bottom Line
Simply put, Canada’s success in keeping H5N1 away from its dairy cows comes from using a brilliant mix of actions. Each step is essential, from strong biosecurity and careful watch systems to smart import rules and natural advantages. These actions show how working together can protect farming areas from significant health threats. But this success is not a time to stop trying. As we have seen worldwide, diseases like H5N1 are constantly changing. This is a reminder: we must keep watching, change our plans as needed, and work together across different areas. Detailed explanation of the potential consequences of failing to maintain a safe and healthy dairy industry, highlighting the importance of continuous disease prevention efforts.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Deadly milk? Cat deaths on a Texas dairy farm reveal a shocking link between raw milk and bird flu. Find out why this matters to every dairy farmer and what you can do to protect your herd.
Summary:
In Texas, a dairy farm faced a big problem when more than half of its cats died after drinking raw milk from cows that had bird flu. This sad event shows how risky unpasteurized milk can be and how bird flu can spread to other animals. Now, bird flu has been found in dairy farms in 17 states, with California, and Texas being the most affected. It’s essential to pasteurize milk to keep it safe. Dairy farmers must keep wild birds away from cows, test them for bird flu often, avoid using milk from sick cows, and clean their milking equipment to protect their farms and the milk supply.
Wearing protective gear when working with your cows can help keep you and your animals safe.
Key Takeaways:
Unpasteurized raw milk can transmit infections like bird flu to other animals, as evidenced by the cat deaths on a Texas dairy farm.
Regular testing and biosecurity measures are crucial for preventing the spread of bird flu among dairy herds.
Over 930 dairy herds in 17 states have been affected by H5N1, underscoring the widespread nature of the current outbreak.
Health authorities strongly advise pasteurization of milk to eliminate harmful pathogens and ensure consumer safety.
Dairy farmers are critical in safeguarding public health by adhering to strict hygiene and safety protocols.
A shocking event at a Texas dairy farm has dairy farmers nationwide on high alert. More than half the farm’s cats died after drinking raw milk from cows infected with bird flu, which spread among the animals. This sad news highlights the dangers of unpasteurized milk, demonstrating how it can spread bird flu to other animals.
What Happened?
Scientists studied a group of about 24 cats on a dairy farm in Texas to understand the impact of bird flu-infected milk. These cats drank raw milk from cows with bird flu but haven’t yet shown signs of being sick. Within a day, the cows looked ill, and the cats fell sick, too, after drinking the infected milk. Sadly, more than half of the cats died just one or two days later.
Dr. Edward Liu, who studies diseases, said, “Animals can get bird flu from drinking infected milk. It’s not just about breathing it in anymore.”
Why This Matters to Dairy Farmers
This event is a wake-up call for the dairy industry. Milk safety is crucial, and pasteurization (heating milk to kill germs) is more important than ever.
Raw milk risks: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned about raw milk before. They say it’s linked to over 200 outbreaks of illness.
Bird flu spread: The virus that caused this, called H5N1, has now been found in over 930 dairy herds across 17 states. California and Texas have been hit hardest.
Milk safety: Pasteurization (heating milk to kill germs) is more important than ever. Dr. Bruce Kornreich from Cornell University says, “Pasteurizing milk kills the bird flu virus.”
What Dairy Farmers Can Do
To keep your farm and cows safe, follow these steps:
Keep wild birds away from your cows
Test your cattle for bird flu regularly
Don’t use milk from sick cows or cows you think might be sick
Clean your milking equipment well
“This work shows why it’s so important to pasteurize milk,” says Dr. Alexandria Boehm from Stanford University.
Key Things to Remember
The deaths of over half the cats occurred after they drank raw milk from cows infected with bird flu, directly leading to the spread of bird flu among the animals.
Bird flu has spread to dairy cows in 17 states nationwide.
Pasteurizing milk is crucial for ensuring its safety.
It is essential for farmers to be extra vigilant in maintaining the health of their cows.
What This Means for You
As a dairy farmer, you have a significant role in ensuring the safety of our food. Here are immediate actions you can take:
Check your cows for flu symptoms every day
Don’t give raw milk to any animals on your farm
Make sure all your milk is pasteurized before it leaves the farm
Call your vet right away if you notice anything unusual
By following these steps, you will safeguard your farm and contribute to the safety and integrity of the entire dairy industry.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
USDA fast-tracks H5N1 vaccine for dairy cows: 7 candidates in trials. Could this be the breakthrough that saves your herd and your bottom line?
Summary:
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is quickly working on H5N1 vaccines for dairy cattle to help the $45 billion dairy industry fight bird flu. Since March 2024, over 190 dairy herds in 14 states have been hit hard. USDA is speeding up the approval process so vaccines can reach farmers faster. Seven vaccines have been approved for testing, with two starting field trials on October 30, 2024. This shows the USDA is serious about tackling the H5N1 problem. A promising vaccine is key to keeping dairy herds safe and the market stable. The USDA is also updating poultry vaccines to fight H5N1 everywhere. However, farmers must maintain strong biosecurity practices to prevent the virus from spreading. Everyone is waiting to see if the tests lead to a vaccine that can be used widely.
Key Takeaways:
USDA has approved seven H5N1 vaccine candidates for dairy cattle field trials.
A streamlined review process helps speed up vaccine development.
Since March 2024, H5N1 has impacted over 190 dairy herds across 14 states.
The multi-species approach includes updating poultry vaccine stockpiles.
Biosecurity remains crucial alongside vaccine development efforts.
USDA researchers work tirelessly to develop an effective H5N1 vaccine for dairy cattle.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is working fast to create H5N1 vaccines for dairy cattle. They have approved seven vaccines designed explicitly for safety tests for dairy cows. This quick action is because a dangerous bird flu hurts dairy farms nationwide. Since March 2024, more than 190 herds in 14 states have been affected. The USDA wants to get a safe vaccine ready quickly to protect the $45 billion dairy industry in the U.S.
“Our expedited efforts aim to safeguard the dairy industry against this ongoing threat,” stated Dr. Antonio Facciuolo, lead researcher.
USDA Expedites Vaccine Review: Cutting Red Tape to Save Herds
The USDA has accelerated the review process for vaccine candidates because of the rising threat of H5N1 in dairy cattle. This method allows several development steps simultaneously, cutting the time for vaccine candidates to reach the farm.
“Our goal is to provide dairy farmers with an effective tool to combat H5N1 as quickly as possible,” said Dr. Antonio Facciuolo, a lead researcher in the vaccine development program. “The streamlined process maintains our rigorous safety standards while addressing the urgent need for protection.”
Progress in Vaccine Trials
As of January 23, 2025, the USDA has made significant strides in vaccine trials. At least seven vaccine options have been approved for tests with dairy cows. These trials aim to determine whether the vaccines are safe, work well, and can lower the spread of the virus in real situations. This offers some hope in fighting H5N1.
Two vaccine candidates started field trials on October 30, 2024. This fast progress shows the USDA’s dedication to facing the H5N1 challenge in dairy herds.
Impact on the Dairy Industry
Developing a potent H5N1 vaccine is very important for the dairy industry, which has struggled with the virus. Since March 2024, H5N1 has been found in over 190 herds across 14 states, reducing milk production and causing financial problems for farmers.
The financial impact has been profound. Dairy farmers are losing money due to lower milk output, disease-handling costs, and reduced herd sizes. A promising vaccine is needed quickly since it could protect herds and steady the dairy market.
A promising vaccine would help current businesses and increase trust in the dairy market, possibly stopping trade disruptions and maintaining a steady flow of dairy products. The USDA’s work gives hope that the dairy sector will bounce back from the challenges caused by H5N1.
Broader Implications
The USDA’s vaccine development efforts extend beyond cattle. The agency is also pursuing an updated poultry vaccine stockpile to match current H5N1 strains[1]. This multi-species approach aims to reduce the overall prevalence of H5N1 in the environment, potentially benefiting the entire agricultural sector. By targeting multiple animal groups, the USDA hopes to create a barrier to spreading the virus, further protecting poultry and cattle industries. In doing so, they aim to mitigate the economic impact of outbreaks, ensuring a more stable environment for agricultural endeavors nationwide.
Next Steps and Challenges
While the progress in vaccine development is promising, the USDA emphasizes that biosecurity measures are still crucial in preventing the spread of H5N1. This reminder underscores the shared responsibility in combating the virus and protecting the dairy industry.
“Vaccination will be an important tool, but it’s not a silver bullet,” cautioned Dr. Yan Zhou, co-lead researcher. “Farmers must continue practicing good biosecurity alongside future vaccination programs.”
The Bottom Line
As the field trials advance, the outcome eagerly anticipated by the dairy industry could potentially lead to the approval and distribution of an H5N1 vaccine. The USDA’s swift action in response to this looming threat underscores its dedication to safeguarding animal health and supporting the economic vitality of the dairy sector. Their commitment serves as a beacon of hope during these challenging times, with the promise of a viable solution on the horizon.
Stay informed about the latest developments in H5N1 vaccine trials and continue implementing robust biosecurity measures on your farm. Visit the USDA’s website for up-to-date guidelines and resources to protect your herd. Your active participation is crucial in our collective efforts to combat H5N1.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
See how the H5N1 bird flu affects U.S. dairy farms. Find out about new rules, safety steps, and economic impact. How can farmers keep their herds safe?
Summary:
The H5N1 bird flu outbreak has become a significant problem for the U.S. dairy industry. It started in poultry but has now spread to dairy cattle, hitting over 930 farms in 17 states. This issue mainly affects California, which has seen milk production drop by 9.2% since late 2024. The virus has even led to some human infections, stressing the need for strong biosecurity measures. In response, the FDA and USDA are testing raw milk nationwide and enforcing new safety rules. Despite these steps, farmers are facing higher costs and possible disruptions in milk supply. Cows show signs like eating less and producing less milk, causing financial losses. Experts worry that U.S. milk production could drop by 15% this quarter, leading to higher prices and fewer dairy products available. However, the industry hopes to bounce back and increase production by mid-2025 with successful actions.
Key Takeaways:
H5N1 bird flu has affected over 930 dairy herds across 17 U.S. states, significantly impacting milk production.
The USDA’s nationwide milk testing aims to curb the spread of H5N1 with enhanced biosecurity measures in place.
Human cases linked to dairy cattle have reached 66 U.S. cases since 2024, but the overall risk remains low.
Economic challenges persist for the dairy industry, with some states reporting significant drops in milk output.
Proactive biosecurity and compliance with federal guidelines are crucial for dairy farmers to manage H5N1 risks.
Dairy farmers are advised to use personal protective equipment when working with potentially infected herds to minimize the risk of H5N1 transmission.
The U.S. dairy industry faces an unprecedented crisis as H5N1 bird flu ravages herds across 17 states. The virus has already infiltrated 930 farms, severely threatening milk production and animal health. In California, milk output has plummeted by 9.2%, highlighting the virus’s significant impact on the industry. The FDA and USDA have initiated nationwide raw milk testing and stringent biosecurity measures to combat the virus’s spread. These swift actions underscore the urgent need to safeguard this vital industry.
The Escalating Challenge: Tracking H5N1’s Impact on U.S. Dairy Cattle
State
Affected Farms
Number of Cattle
Date of First Detection
California
650
25,000
March 2024
Texas
120
10,500
April 2024
Wisconsin
90
8,000
June 2024
Pennsylvania
35
3,500
July 2024
Florida
25
2,200
September 2024
The spread of the H5N1 virus in dairy cattle has been fast and challenging for the U.S. dairy industry. The virus was first found in March 2024 and quickly spread across states. By January 2025, it reached dairy herds in 17 U.S. states, with California, Texas, and Wisconsin being hit the hardest.
California, well-known for its dairy farms, faced the most brutal impact, with nearly 70% of its dairies affected. Texas and Wisconsin also reported outbreaks and had to deal with lower production while trying to stop the virus.
The rapid spread of H5N1 presents challenges, including increased disease management costs, heightened biosecurity requirements, and potential disruptions to milk supply chains. In addition to affecting milk production, farms must improve their health measures and manage the disease. They also face money problems because they must spend more to control the virus. The threat of the virus changing means farms must stay alert and find new ways to handle the situation.
Economic Strain and Dairy Cattle Health Amid H5N1 Outbreak
The H5N1 virus is affecting dairy farms. It causes symptoms in cows such as decreased appetite, fatigue, and reduced milk yield, leading to economic losses for farmers. Sick cows don’t eat much and feel tired, which leads to less milk. Some cows are not producing any milk at all. In November 2024, milk production dropped 9.2% in California compared to the previous year. This decrease affects how much money farms make and changes the supply of dairy products.
The economic impact is significant, with farmers spending a lot on new safety rules to stop the virus. These rules can cost between $20,000 and $50,000 per farm annually. This is hard for farmers who are already dealing with changes in milk prices and less milk from their cows.
If things don’t improve, experts think U.S. milk production could drop by 15% this quarter. This could raise prices and affect the amount of cheese and butter made. Farms may also need to invest more money in training workers to follow new safety rules.
The uncertainty stemming from the virus may discourage individuals from investing in dairy farms due to the perceived risks involved. This means fewer new projects and ideas. Because of these problems, many farms are rethinking their money plans to stay steady during the H5N1 virus outbreak.
Regulatory Overhaul: USDA and FDA’s Response to the H5N1 Threat
The National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS), led by the USDA, is a key plan to control the H5N1 outbreak in dairy cows. This plan requires testing raw milk across the country to ensure it’s safe from the H5N1 virus, keeping sour milk out of our food. The USDA uses a five-step plan that improves safety, controls the movement of sick cows, and tracks the virus. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also helps by ensuring the safety of food and pet feed. They require cat and dog food manufacturers, mainly if they use raw dairy products, to consider H5N1 in their safety plans. This helps stop the virus from spreading through pet food, protecting pets and people. The government is working hard to tackle the H5N1 bird flu, stabilizing public health and the dairy industry. The USDA and FDA are prepared to adjust their strategies and protocols if the virus undergoes any mutations.
The H5N1 outbreak affected the U.S. dairy industry, causing it to produce less milk and farmers to lose money. California saw a 9.2% drop in milk production compared to last year, showing farmers’ struggles. This also affects feed suppliers, distributors, and stores. Experts predict that U.S. milk production could decrease by 15% this quarter if conditions do not improve. This could raise prices and affect the amount of cheese and butter made. Farms may also need to train workers to follow new safety rules, which could cost more money. To help with this, the Biden administration is spending almost $2 billion in support, with $1.5 billion for animal health under the USDA and $360 million for public health. Experts say we need more decisive actions, like better biosecurity rules and stricter controls on cow movement, to stop the virus spread. More research on the virus is urgently needed to prepare for the future.
Industry leaders suggest new solutions, like developing vaccines and better ways to test for the virus, to protect cattle, and maintain economic stability. Farmers, government, and researchers can beat this outbreak and lessen its long-term effects.
Fortifying Defenses: Practical Biosecurity Strategies for Dairy Farmers Against H5N1
The ongoing H5N1 outbreak emphasizes the necessity of dairy farms implementing stringent biosecurity measures, such as restricting animal movement, enhancing cleaning protocols, and implementing visitor restrictions to curb the virus spread. Here are some simple steps farmers can take to protect their animals:
Restrict Animal Movement: To reduce the risk of infection, keep cows from moving between farms and keep new or returning animals separate for at least 30 days.
Clean Equipment Well: To prevent the virus from spreading, thoroughly clean all farm tools, especially milking machines, after each use.
Limit Farm Visitors: Only necessary visits to the farm should be allowed, and all guests and workers must follow strict safety rules, including wearing protective gear.
Keep Animals Apart: Don’t keep dairy cows with other animals, such as birds, as mixing can help the virus spread.
Feed Carefully: Avoid giving raw milk to calves or other animals, as it can pass the virus in the herd.
These steps help build a strong defense against H5N1, protecting cattle and farmer livelihoods from this serious threat.
Mounting Human Risks: Evaluating H5N1’s Impact on Public Health and Vigilance Needs
The H5N1 bird flu outbreak in U.S. dairy cattle is causing health concerns. Since early 2024, there have been 66 confirmed human cases of H5N1 bird flu in the United States across 10 states. The breakdown of these cases is as follows:
• 40 cases related to exposure to dairy cattle in California (36), Colorado (1), Michigan (2), and Texas (1)
• 23 cases linked to poultry exposure in Colorado (9), Iowa (1), Oregon (1), Washington (11), and Wisconsin (1)
• 2 cases with unknown exposure in Missouri and California
• 1 case related to exposure to other animals, such as backyard flocks, wild birds, or other mammals
Tragically, on January 6, 2025, the first H5N1-related death in the United States was reported in Louisiana.
This situation shows the potential risks if the virus spreads to other mammals, making it easier for humans to catch. Experts say the general risk to people is low, but careful monitoring is essential. Some are concerned that humans might be at greater risk if it spreads more in mammals.
Research shows that H5N1 has changed as it moved from birds to mammals, like dairy cows. These changes in the virus can be challenging since they might make it more likely to spread to other animals and people. A study in Texas found nine changes in the human form of the virus that were not found in the version in cows. This shows why watching these changes is essential.
The risk of H5N1 moving from animals to humans highlights the need for intense surveillance and public health strategies. Researchers stress the importance of studying the virus now to prevent it from becoming a bigger problem. Understanding why these changes happen can help create solutions.
Keeping an eye on the virus, researching, and making firm health plans are crucial to avoid more issues with H5N1.
Beyond the Horizon: Navigating Long-Term Implications and Recovery Prospects from the H5N1 Out
The long-term effects of the H5N1 outbreak on the U.S. dairy industry could be significant. The spread of the virus might require ongoing safety measures, raising costs for farmers. Some may reconsider staying in the industry as dairy farmers adjust to these changes.
Also, consumers might worry about milk safety, so dairy producers must communicate clearly to keep trust. The virus adapting to mammals is concerning and could mean future health threats, needing plans beyond farming.
Successful implementation of early measures could lead to industry recovery and increased production by mid-2025. The introduction of vaccines for dairy cattle could effectively decrease infections and facilitate farmers’ return to normal operations.
Government investments in research and support for farmers could aid recovery and keep the dairy industry strong in U.S. agriculture. By working together, stakeholders can create strong practices to protect livestock and public health.
The Bottom Line
The H5N1 bird flu outbreak poses significant challenges to the U.S. dairy industry, impacting production levels, animal health, economic stability, and public health risks. It requires immediate heightened vigilance and adaptability among dairy farmers. The virus’s evolution and ability to infect mammals underscore the urgent nature of the situation, indicating that the current outbreak could result in far-reaching consequences if not meticulously handled. Dairy farmers must, therefore, remain proactive, embracing enhanced biosecurity measures and adhering to new regulations to safeguard their herds and livelihoods.
Call-to-Action:Dairy farmers are encouraged to review and bolster their biosecurity protocols thoroughly, ensuring their operations are resilient against the ongoing H5N1 threat. Remaining informed is crucial; utilizing resources such as The Bullvine, a prominent dairy industry publication, can offer current information and essential support for navigating the challenges of this outbreak. Take immediate action to safeguard the future of your dairy farm and contribute to the collective endeavor of mitigating this substantial threat.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Learn how the USDA’s new milk testing in six states improves dairy safety. Are you prepared for new biosecurity steps to keep your herd safe?
Summary:
The USDA added six new states—Arkansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and West Virginia—to its National Milk Testing Strategy, now covering 36 states and two-thirds U.S. dairy herds. This move aims to quickly find and stop H5N1 bird flu outbreaks, ensuring safe milk for consumers. The strategy, however, may lead to higher costs and changes in how farms operate. Infected cows produce less milk, which hurts farmers financially. To help, the USDA offers funds and urges decisive biosecurity steps, like controlling who can enter farms and keeping barns clean, to keep the virus from spreading.
Key Takeaways:
The USDA expands the National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS) by incorporating six additional states, increasing surveillance and monitoring capabilities.
Approximately two-thirds of the nation’s dairy herds, representing nearly 75% of U.S. milk production, are now under this enhanced testing initiative.
The program aims to improve early detection of H5N1 outbreaks, providing proactive measures to protect the dairy industry.
Farmers face potential operational changes and costs due to compliance with new testing protocols, emphasizing the need for adaptation in practices.
The USDA and FDA provide significant financial support to mitigate the impact of increased testing and potential production disruptions.
prospects include developing an H5N1 vaccine, maintaining robust testing, and improving biosecurity measures to ensure the industry’s sustainability.
Understanding these developments is crucial for dairy farmers to safeguard their herds and maintain consumer trust in dairy products.
The USDA, in a proactive move, has expanded its National Milk Testing Strategy to include six new states—Arkansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and West Virginia. This brings the total to 36 states, all checking for avian flu, particularly the H5N1 virus. With nearly 75% of U.S. milk production, or about two-thirds of the nation’s dairy herds, now under surveillance, this expansion is a significant step towards catching outbreaks early and improving safety for dairy farmers and consumers. It underscores the USDA’s commitment to the dairy industry’s future, highlighting the importance of maintaining secure and healthy farms.
State
Stage
Status
Arkansas
1
Silo testing underway or set to begin
Louisiana
1
Silo testing underway or set to begin
Nebraska
1
Silo testing underway or set to begin
New Hampshire
1
Silo testing underway or set to begin
North Carolina
1
Silo testing underway or set to begin
West Virginia
1
Silo testing underway or set to begin
California
3
Affected state with rapid response
Michigan
3
Affected state with rapid response
Nevada
3
Affected state with rapid response
Mississippi
4
All herds were unaffected, continued sampling
Expansion of National Milk Testing Strategy
This move is crucial for dairy farmers as it improves surveillance and helps detect highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI) H5N1 early. With more states involved, farmers can better monitor their herds for outbreaks. Catching problems early means faster action, which can lessen the financial impact of H5N1.
Consumers also benefit from this program, which offers peace of mind about the safety of the milk supply. Knowing that most dairy herds are carefully watched reassures buyers of the quality and safety of the milk they drink, which is especially important when food safety concerns are high.
In short, expanding the NMTS helps protect dairy farmers by improving herd health management and reducing economic losses. It also ensures consumer trust in the dairy products they buy. This effort is part of a larger plan to keep the U.S. dairy industry strong and reliable.
Financial Impact on Dairy Farmers
As the H5N1 outbreak continues, dairy farmers face financial challenges. Infected dairy cows produce 10-20% less milk for seven to ten days, costing farmers about $100 to $200 per cow. This could lead to a 4% drop in U.S. milk production, which is especially worrying since California makes 18% of the country’s milk. These effects show why the USDA’s expanded National Milk Testing Strategy is essential. By increasing surveillance and quick detection of H5N1, the plan aims to reduce financial losses and protect the dairy industry’s productivity.
Enhancing Biosecurity Measures
The National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS) expansion addresses the immediate threat of H5N1. It underscores the importance of strong on-farm biosecurity measures. The USDA wants dairy farmers to be alert and take strict biosecurity steps to prevent the spread of the virus. These include controlling farm access, monitoring herd health, and maintaining cleanliness.
The USDA’s financial support for farmers to improve biosecurity measures is a crucial aspect of the expanded National Milk Testing Strategy. This support aids in planning and implementing steps to reduce disease risk within dairy operations, ensuring that even small farms can meet health standards. It demonstrates the USDA’s commitment to supporting farmers and stabilizing the industry.
While the expanded NMTS may pose immediate challenges, it promises significant long-term benefits for the U.S. dairy industry. By following USDA biosecurity advice, farms can secure their operations, help combat H5N1, and assure consumers of the safety of dairy products. This forward-looking approach is essential for the industry’s strength and survival, and by staying informed and ready, dairy farmers can help create an industry that can handle new health threats and changes in global markets.
Navigating Change: Adapting to New Testing Realities
Dairy farmers must make significant changes to comply with the expanded National Milk Testing Strategy. They must collect and share raw milk samples with the USDA, which adds more work to their daily tasks. Thus, they need time and resources to comply with these new rules.
Farmers with infected herds must also provide detailed health information about their cows. This could mean better record-keeping and hiring or training staff to handle these new tasks.
The increased testing requirements could increase costs. This is due to more labor and equipment and ensuring samples are collected and sent on time. Milk production might be interrupted if herds are quarantined or stricter health measures are needed after finding H5N1.
These issues could affect the smoothness of milk production and delivery. Although these steps are intended to protect the industry and keep milk safe, they could also cause short-term problems with productivity and budget. Farmers must carefully plan to handle these new challenges while keeping up with production goals.
Government Aid Eases Testing Transition
The federal government is spending a lot of money to help dairy farmers with the new National Milk Testing Strategy. The USDA has promised $98 million to cover extra testing costs and emergency actions needed because of the H5N1 outbreak. The FDA is adding another $8 million to help keep milk safe. This money will help ensure dairy security and support recovery efforts. These funds aim to keep the industry steady and protect the economic health of dairy farms nationwide.
Foreseeing Tomorrow
The continued growth of the National Milk Testing Strategy points to new changes that could shape the U.S. dairy industry. One significant change could be the creation of an H5N1 vaccine for dairy cows. This vaccine could help fight bird flu and lessen the need for strict testing, lowering costs and disruptions for farmers. However, developing and approving a vaccine would require much research and may take years.
Meanwhile, testing and biosecurity rules might continue to change. These changes aim to make managing outbreaks easier before a vaccine is ready. As the laws change, farmers must stay flexible and update their practices, which could affect how farms are run and staff are trained.
The impact of more surveillance goes beyond the U.S., as global trade and markets could change. Strict U.S. testing rules might increase trust in American dairy products worldwide, possibly opening up new export chances. On the other hand, more stringent biosecurity measures could raise production costs, affecting how competitively priced U.S. dairy is worldwide.
These future changes are essential for the dairy industry’s strength and survival. By staying informed and ready, dairy farmers can protect their farms and help create an industry that can handle new health threats and changes in global markets.
The Bottom Line
The USDA’s decision to add more states to the National Milk Testing Strategy is essential for keeping the U.S. dairy industry safe from bird flu. This program helps find and stop possible outbreaks early by increasing checks and improving safety rules. It ensures the milk we buy is safe and shows a strong commitment to helping dairy farmers who face tough times due to H5N1.
This program has many benefits, like keeping people’s trust in milk products, which is crucial for market stability. The testing program acts like insurance for farmers, protecting their jobs by lowering the chance of significant infections. As we move forward, plans for a bird flu vaccine could make protection even more potent. Government support is essential to help farmers adapt to new rules and requirements.
The expanded testing improves public health and shows a strong response to disease threats in farming. These efforts help the industry handle future challenges, making the dairy sector more substantial and dependable.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
Learn how H5N1 bird flu mutations affect dairy farming. Are you ready for outbreaks to potentially spread to humans?
Summary:
A recent study in Texas found big genetic changes in an early human case of H5N1 bird flu that could threaten both dairy farming and public health. This virus changes quickly and could adapt to humans, so dairy farmers must be careful. The study shows differences between human and cattle strains, which means the virus might affect humans more. Farmers must keep up with new rules and safety measures to protect their cows and ensure the milk supply is safe. With risks of lower milk production and higher costs for protection, farmers need to be informed and prepared to handle H5N1 challenges.
Key Takeaways:
The study identifies significant genetic mutations in an early H5N1 strain from a human case, indicating the virus’s potential for rapid adaptation and increased severity.
Nine unique mutations were found in the human strain, enhancing its replication efficiency and virulence and sparking concerns about its pandemic potential.
Mutations identified in the human strain did not alter its susceptibility to current antiviral medications, providing a relief amidst growing concerns.
The ongoing H5N1 outbreak, now affecting dairy cattle in 17 states, poses economic and operational challenges for the dairy industry, with potential repercussions on milk production and market stability.
Dairy farmers are urged to implement stricter biosecurity measures and stay informed about H5N1 developments, ensuring the safety of their livestock and operations.
Research and genomic surveillance are crucial in monitoring H5N1 mutations, helping to mitigate risks of the virus adapting to humans or mammals.
New mutations in the H5N1 bird flu virus pose a potential threat to the dairy industry. Recent research reveals the virus’s ability to adapt quickly to new hosts, raising concerns about its impact on cattle and possible human transmission. (Source).
Decoding H5N1
The H5N1 avian influenza virus, often called bird flu, is hazardous. It was first found in 1997 at a bird market in Hong Kong and has caused outbreaks in Asia, Africa, and Europe since then. This virus mainly affects birds and can spread quickly, causing many birds to die. However, it doesn’t only infect birds; it can also spread to mammals, including humans.
Dr. Elsayed shows the host species of the four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C and D. Avian influenza is part of the influenza A group and has infected a wide range of species. Influenza A and B are responsible for seasonal flu in humans.
Bird flu spreads to birds through direct contact or contaminated areas. Infected birds can suffer from breathing problems or even die suddenly. The virus can also cause severe breathing illness in mammals, which is a concern because it might change to infect new hosts better.
H5N1 is known for its ability to change its genetic makeup, a trait that makes it more contagious and harmful to new hosts. A recent study by the Texas Biomedical Research Institute found specific genetic changes in an early H5N1 strainfrom a human in Texas. These changes, which helped the virus spread more easily in mammals than cattle, demonstrate the virus’s rapid adaptability after infecting a new host. This adaptability is a significant concern as it could lead to more severe outbreaks and potential human transmission.
These findings are worrying because the virus could potentially cause a human pandemic. Right now, it is not common for people to spread the virus to each other. Still, this study highlights the need for careful monitoring. Learning how these changes happen and what they do can help us prepare for future outbreaks and protect public health and the farming industry.
Texas Study Reveals Unprecedented H5N1 Mutations in Humans
The Texas Biomedical Research Institute, a leading institution in infectious diseases, conducted a study that discovered critical genetic changes in an early H5N1 strain from a human case in Texas. The human strain showed nine unique mutations not found in the cow strain, suggesting these changes happened after the human got infected. This research, conducted by experts in the field, highlights the differences between H5N1 strains from humans and dairy cattle in Texas.
Aspect
Human Strain
Bovine Strain
Unique Mutations
9 observed
None
Replication Efficacy
Higher
Lower
Severity of Disease in Mice
More severe
Less severe
Virus Quantity in Brain Tissue
Higher
Lower
Antiviral Susceptibility
Unaffected
Unaffected
The human strain was more dangerous than the cow strain, causing worse disease in mice and higher levels in brain tissue. Fortunately, these mutations did not affect the virus’s response to FDA-approved antiviral medications. Still, these findings raise serious concerns about the virus mutating quickly, adapting to humans, and possibly causing a pandemic.
The virus’s quick ability to adapt makes it a serious pandemic risk. Key mutations helping H5N1 adapt to humans include a single amino acid change (Q226L) in the hemagglutinin protein and the PB2 E627K mutation, which improves RNA polymerase activity and replication in mammals.
These emerging threats underline the need for continuous monitoring and ongoing research. Scientists are studying which mutations increase the virus’s danger and why H5N1 is mild in cows but deadly in other animals, such as cats. Tracking genetic changes and understanding the virus’s behavior is crucial to preventing the increased risk of spreading to humans. This ongoing research is essential for avoiding the virus and protecting public health and the dairy industry.
Unseen Threats
The recent discovery of genetic changes in H5N1 strains is significant for dairy farmers. These changes show how quickly the virus can mutate, which means any contact with cattle might help spread the virus. Since dairy farming involves close work with animals, this is worrying.
Fast Mutation: H5N1’s ability to change quickly is a significant concern. Any outbreak in dairy cattle might lead to mutations that could also infect humans. The Texas study shows that the virus can adapt rapidly, so farmers need to improve their safety measures.
Human Risk: The mutations help the virus grow more quickly in human cells, increasing the chance of it spreading between people. Dairy farmers are at risk because they work closely with their animals. Protecting both livestock and farm workers is essential.
Possible Pandemic: The virus’s ability to change and become stronger suggests it could cause a pandemic. Although it hasn’t spread widely among humans yet, the risk exists. [source] Farmers should consider how this could affect their farms and the dairy industry, impacting the economy and public health.
Understanding these risks is essential for both industry and health. Dairy farmers must stay informed, adopt new safety measures, and be ready to protect their animals and people from H5N1.
Broader Impact and Emerging Challenges
The H5N1 bird flu outbreak affects the dairy industry and may lead to new safety and testing rules. Dairy farmers might face changes in managing their herds and protecting public health. These rules require farmers to change how they run their farms to keep cows and people safe.
Consumer trust is also a significant issue. Even though pasteurization kills the H5N1 virus, people might worry about the safety of milk. The dairy industry must assure customers that milk is safe and high-quality. Effective communication about the strict safety measures will help maintain customer trust and market stability.
There’s also a risk of H5N1 spreading from animals to humans. Even though this is a low risk now, the virus could change and increase the danger. Dairy farmers must practice strict safety measures to protect workers and the community from this potential threat.
Dealing with these issues is essential to protecting cows, ensuring business survival, and stabilizing the dairy industry. Being ready and adaptable will help you respond effectively to the H5N1 threat.
Swift Measures: Safeguarding Herds and Livelihoods
Dairy farmers must act quickly to protect their herds and businesses. Boost biosecurity measures to limit animal movement and keep new cattle separate for at least 30 days. Follow advice from the National Milk Producers Federation, like cutting down on non-essential farm visits and reducing equipment movement. Think about treating waste milk with heat before throwing it away to stop the virus from spreading. Stay updated on H5N1 research to learn about any new rules or practices. By doing this, farmers can better shield their farms and keep people confident in dairy product safety.
The Bottom Line
The recent changes in the H5N1 virus are a big worry for dairy farmers. This virus can change fast and might hurt people, so everyone needs to stay alert. For those in the dairy business, this isn’t just about animal health; it might also change how farms work and their profits. Keeping animals healthy is key to keeping the dairy industry strong.
Dairy farmers must act quickly to prevent H5N1 from rapidly changing and spreading to people. The virus’s ability to spread shows why it is essential to watch for signs and be ready. Reasonable biosecurity steps, like limiting animal movement and separating new cattle, can help prevent the risks.
It’s time to act. Dairy farmers should work with their community, share what they know, and keep up with the news. By taking steps and improving safety rules, they can keep their cows safe, their work secure, and the dairy industry stable. Be alert, stay informed, and be ready because this is too important to miss.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
Join the Revolution!
Join the Revolution!
