Archive for Genetics

How Genetic Innovations Have Reversed Declining Fertility in U.S. Holstein Cows

Friday, July 5th, 2024

Discover how genetic innovations have reversed declining fertility in U.S. Holstein cows. Can improved breeding and management boost both productivity and sustainability?

For years leading up to 2000, U.S. Holsteins grappled with a critical issue. As milk production surged, fertility rates saw a discernible decline. This concerning trend stemmed from the inherently negative correlation between production and fertility in dairy cows. The genetic traits that facilitated increased milk yields also predisposed these cows to diminished reproductive efficiency. As milk production soared, reproductive performance faltered—a biological trade-off rooted in dairy cattle genetics.

The Year 2000 Marked a Significant Turning Point for U.S. Holstein Fertility

The turn of the millennium initiated a pivotal shift in breeding strategies, pivoting towards a more holistic approach emphasizing long-term health and productivity beyond mere milk yields. Previously caught in a downward spiral due to an exclusive focus on production, dairy cow fertility began to experience a much-needed resurgence.

What catalyzed this change? The cornerstone was the broadening of genetic ambitions. Until the turn of the century, breeding initiatives were singularly geared toward maximizing milk production, often at the expense of crucial traits such as fertility. However, starting in the late 1990s, the industry began recognizing the importance of herd longevity and overall fitness.

In particular, 1994 marked a watershed moment by including the ‘Productive Life’ trait in the Net Merit index. This move indirectly promoted better fertility rates through extended productive lifespans. By integrating longevity and its beneficial link to fertility, breeders indirectly enhanced fertility within herds.

The early 2000s heralded the advent of direct fertility metrics in selection indexes. With the introduction of the Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR) in 2003, the dynamics of dairy genetics underwent a transformative change. For the first time, dairy producers could target fertility directly without compromising milk production.

These strategic adjustments fostered a balanced approach to genetic selection, resulting in favorable milk yield and fertility trends. This dual focus arrested the decline in fertility and spurred ongoing improvements. It exemplifies the synergistic power of cutting-edge genetic tools and strategic breeding objectives.

DPR Introduction (2003): Impact of Directly Selecting for Cow Fertility

Introducing the Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR) into the Net Merit Index 2003 catalyzed a paradigm shift in dairy breeding strategies. By directly targeting cow fertility, dairy producers gained a valuable tool to enhance reproductive performance with precision. This strategic emphasis on fertility bolstered pregnancy rates and significantly advanced herd health and sustainability.

Before DPR’s inclusion, fertility was frequently marginalized in dairy cow breeding, overshadowed by the relentless focus on milk yield. The incorporation of DPR empowered breeders to select bulls whose daughters exhibited superior reproductive efficiency, thereby directly confronting fertility challenges. This resulted in marked gains in pregnancy rates and decreased inseminations required per conception.

Moreover, selecting for DPR extends well beyond fertility improvement; it enhances herd longevity. Cows with higher conception rates typically experience fewer health issues, leading to extended productive lifespans. This improves animal welfare and translates into substantial economic advantages for dairy producers, such as decreased veterinary expenses, reduced involuntary culling rates, and streamlined herd management.

Environmental gains are also significant. Increased fertility and prolonged productive lifespans of cows mean fewer resources are needed to sustain the herd, thereby decreasing the environmental footprint of dairy farming. Enhanced pregnancy rates are critical in lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to more sustainable dairy production practices.

Integrating the Daughter Pregnancy Rate within the Net Merit index has redefined the dairy cattle breeding landscape. Dairy producers have successfully pursued holistic and sustainable genetic progress by balancing fertility with production traits. This strategic evolution highlights the essential nature of a comprehensive breeding approach—one that equally prioritizes production efficiency, animal health, and environmental responsibility.

National Database Contributions: Establishment of Sire, Cow, and Heifer Conception Rates (2006 and 2009)

When the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) introduced the national cooperator database, it marked a seminal development in dairy genetic evaluation. Initiated between 2006 and 2009, this comprehensive database encompassed vital traits such as Sire Conception Rate, Cow Conception Rate, and Heifer Conception Rate. By leveraging millions of phenotypic records, the database enabled more nuanced and precise genetic evaluations, refining the selection process for enhanced fertility. This pivotal innovation empowered dairy producers to manage their herds with unprecedented precision, ultimately propelling productivity and sustainability to new heights.

The emphasis on phenotypic data facilitated an exceptional breadth of analysis, unearthing insights previously beyond reach. This treasure trove of data has informed more sophisticated decision-making and laid the groundwork for continuous improvement. Through the evaluation of observed data from millions of dairy cows, breeders have been able to discern patterns and correlations that are instrumental in shaping future breeding strategies. The granularity of these genetic evaluations has translated into tangible, on-farm benefits, optimizing herd performance and driving real-time improvements.

Integrating traits such as Sire Conception Rate, Cow Conception Rate, and Heifer Conception Rate has profound implications. These metrics serve as critical indicators of reproductive efficiency, highlighting areas where improvements are needed and celebrating successes. By monitoring these traits closely, producers can implement targeted management practices to overcome specific bottlenecks in reproduction, thereby enhancing the overall health and productivity of the herd.

The national cooperator database also spotlighted the efficacy of collaborative efforts. With contributions from dairy producers, geneticists, veterinarians, and advisors, the database has evolved into a formidable knowledge repository, driving the evolution of breeding strategies. This collective approach expanded the genetic tools available to producers. It propagated best practices across the industry, ensuring that advancements were comprehensive and widely adopted.

The ripple effects of this initiative are far-reaching. These extensive datasets have facilitated enhanced accuracy in genetic evaluations, leading to the development of more effective breeding programs. Dairy producers are now equipped to breed cows that are not only more productive but also exhibit greater resilience, improved health, and better adaptability to modern dairy farm conditions.

The national cooperator database has been a transformative force in U.S. dairy cattle breeding. It has provided a vital infrastructure supporting ongoing genetic advancements, resulting in higher fertility rates and enhanced overall productivity for cows. This progress is not merely theoretical; it manifests in improvements in dairy operation efficiency, economic profitability, and environmental sustainability. The integration of fertility traits within this framework has set the stage for a future where genetic and management practices coalesce to produce more robust and productive dairy herds.

Evolution of Selection Indexes: How Selection Indexes Define Breeding Goals

Selection indexes have long been integral to cattle breeding by summarizing multiple traits into a single numerical value. This composite score drives genetic progress, ranks animals, and simplifies management decisions for producers. Each trait in the index is weighted according to its genetic contribution toward farm profitability.

Weighting of Fertility Traits in Net Merit Formula
In the modern Net Merit formula, fertility traits have been given significant importance. For example, the daughter’s Pregnancy Rate (DPR) is weighted at 5%. Additionally, Cow and Heifer Conception Rates collectively account for 1.7%. These weightings ensure a balanced selection approach that prioritizes both productivity and reproductive efficiency.
Incorporation of More Health and Fitness Traits
Over the years, the Net Merit index has evolved to include an array of health and fitness traits beyond fertility. Including traits like cow and heifer livability, disease resistance, and feed efficiency has resulted in a more holistic and sustainable breeding strategy. This balanced approach recognizes that a cow’s overall health and lifespan directly impact her contribution to the farm’s profitability.

Genetics and Management Synergy: Improvement in Dairy Management Practices Alongside Genetic Progress

While genetic tools are the foundation for enhancing cow fertility, the critical influence of progressive dairy management practices cannot be understated. By refining reproduction protocols, adjusting rations, optimizing cow housing, and improving environmental conditions, dairy producers have cultivated an environment conducive to realizing the full potential of genetic improvements.

A tangible testament to this synergy between genetics and management is the notable reduction of insemination attempts required for successful pregnancies. Among U.S. Holsteins, the average number of inseminations per conception has decreased from 2.5 in 2010 to 2.0 in 2020. This trend is similarly reflected in U.S. Jerseys, where breedings per conception have declined from 2.2 to 1.9 during the same timeframe.

This decreased need for insemination underscores dairy operations’ financial savings and efficiency gains, emphasizing the necessity of a comprehensive strategy that integrates advanced genetic insights with meticulous management practices.

Fertility and Stewardship: Impact on Dairy Operation Efficiency and Profitability

Dairy producers are keenly aware of the benefits of improved reproductive practices—fewer days open, quicker return to calving, reduced involuntary culling, and substantial savings in insemination, veterinary care, and other operational expenses. These advances are vital for enhancing operational efficiency. Furthermore, shorter calving intervals and improved reproductive efficiency expedite genetic improvements, leading to permanent and cumulative gains.

Often overlooked, however, are the profound sustainability benefits. Today’s consumers demand responsible production practices, particularly concerning animal welfare and environmental impact. Healthier cows with better fertility exhibit a longer productive life—a critical factor in sustainable dairy operations.

Enhanced reproductive efficiency reduces the need for replacements and lessens resource consumption to maintain herd size, subsequently lowering emissions. For example, improving pregnancy rates significantly diminishes the U.S. dairy greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint; a 10% reduction in herd methane equates to a $49 per cow per year profit increase.

Additionally, reducing the age at first calving in heifers by two months (when bred at optimal weight) cuts the heifer’s carbon footprint by 30%, translating to a $150 saving per heifer.

Sustainability encompasses three crucial dimensions: social, economic, and environmental. Socially, healthier cows mean reduced hormone use and less involuntary culling. Economically, better reproduction results in animal-specific savings and increased profitability. Environmentally, fewer replacements and inputs are necessary, which reduces emissions.

Dairy geneticists, producers, veterinarians, and other industry experts have united to enhance U.S. dairy cow fertility. A persistent focus on improved reproduction is evidently beneficial—it promotes animal welfare, advances dairy farm profitability, and ensures sustainability.

Sustainability Aspects: Social Benefits of Animal Health and Reduced Hormone Usage, Economic Savings and Profitability Enhancements, Environmental Improvements Through Reduced Resources and Emissions

Examining the broader spectrum, enhancing cow fertility is pivotal for sustainability across multiple dimensions. Socially, healthier cows necessitate fewer interventions, minimizing stress and reducing hormone usage. Consequently, the rates of involuntary culling drop significantly. This benefit is advantageous for the cows and enhances herd dynamics, alleviating ethical and practical challenges associated with animal health management.

Economically, the advantages are equally profound. Improved reproductive efficiency translates into cost savings by lowering insemination, veterinary care, and feed expenses. Shorter calving intervals further drive genetic progress, significantly bolstering long-term profitability for dairy operations. Every phase of a fertile cow’s lifecycle is fine-tuned to deliver maximal returns in milk production and breeding outcomes.

Perhaps the most compelling argument for prioritizing fertility improvement lies in its environmental impact. Fertile cows are more resource-efficient, requiring less feed and water to maintain herd size, thus leading to reduced emissions. Enhanced pregnancy rates can markedly decrease U.S. dairy farms’ greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint. For example, boosting pregnancy rates can significantly cut methane emissions, benefiting the environment. Additionally, reducing the age at first calving decreases the environmental footprint associated with heifer rearing.

Advancing fertility in dairy cows yields extensive social, economic, and environmental benefits. By concentrating on these facets, you not only enhance your profitability but also contribute to a more sustainable and ethically responsible dairy industry.

The Bottom Line

It is manifest that the once-prevailing narrative of declining fertility in U.S. Holsteins has been fundamentally altered. Dairy producers have successfully reversed this trend through deliberate modifications in genetic selection protocols and an integrated strategy that merges advanced data analytics with enhanced management methodologies. Presently, the industry witnesses tangible benefits in elevated pregnancy rates and diminished insemination attempts, coupled with significant advancements in sustainability and profitability. This comprehensive emphasis on genetic advancement and bovine welfare delineates an optimistic outlook for dairy farming, evidencing that enhanced production and bolstered fertility are compatible objectives.

Key Takeaways:

Strategic changes in genetic selection have reversed the decline in U.S. Holstein fertility.
Advanced data tracking and improved management practices play crucial roles in this positive trend.
Improved pregnancy rates and fewer insemination attempts reflect the success of these efforts.
Enhanced fertility in dairy cows contributes significantly to sustainability and farm profitability.
Holistic genetic progress that includes cow welfare heralds a promising future for dairy farming.
Increased milk production and improved fertility can coexist successfully.

As you navigate the path toward achieving optimal dairy cow fertility, staying informed about the latest genetic and management advancements is crucial. Implement these strategic changes in your breeding program to improve your herd’s reproductive efficiency and boost profitability and sustainability. Take the step today: consult with your veterinarian or a dairy geneticist to explore how you can incorporate these tools and practices into your operation. Your herd’s future productivity and health depend on it.

Summary:

In the past, U.S. Holsteins experienced a decline in fertility rates while milk production soared due to a negative correlation between production and fertility in dairy cows. Genetic traits that enabled cows to produce more milk but predisposed them to lower reproductive efficiency led to this decline. In 1994, the Net Merit index was expanded to include traits beyond just production, such as Productive Life and Somatic Cell Score, laying the groundwork for a more holistic approach to dairy cow breeding. The introduction of the Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR) in 2003 marked a turning point in dairy breeding strategies, enabling more accurate and effective selection for cow fertility. The Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) introduced the national cooperator database between 2006 and 2009, enabling comprehensive genetic evaluations and refining selection for fertility. Selection indexes have long been integral to cattle breeding by summarizing multiple traits into a single numerical value, driving genetic progress, ranking animals, and simplifying management decisions for producers. Modern Net Merit formulas have evolved to include health and fitness traits beyond fertility, such as cow and heifer livability, disease resistance, and feed efficiency.

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Categories : Genetics

Calf Muscle Weakness in Holsteins: Insights from Chromosome 16 Haplotype Study

Wednesday, July 3rd, 2024

Discover the new mutation linked to calf muscle weakness in Holsteins. How does this affect calf mortality and what are the implications for dairy farming?

When it comes to dairy farming, calf health is key to the success and sustainability of your herd. A growing concern in Holsteins, a major dairy breed, is calf muscle weakness. This condition leads to high calf mortality, posing a serious challenge for breeders and farmers.

Researchers have identified a recessive haplotype at the end of chromosome 16 (78.7–80.7 Mbp) linked to this problem. Tracing the haplotype’s history back to 1952, with a key ancestor named Southwind born in 1984, has been crucial in understanding its spread.

This article delves into a study on a new mutation within a common haplotype causing calf muscle weakness in Holsteins. It provides important insights into genetic tracking methods and implications for the dairy industry.

Unveiling Gene Mysteries Within Holsteins: The Journey from Elevated Calf Mortality to Advanced Genetic Insights

Research has unearthed vital insights into a recessive haplotype linked to elevated calf mortality in Holsteins. This haplotype, which shows incomplete penetrance, means not all calves with the genotype display the syndrome, making detection tricky for breeders and geneticists. Tracing back to 1952, the notable ancestor Southwind (HOUSA1964484), born in 1984, was identified as crucial, being homozygous for the suspect haplotype.

Scanning sequence data from Southwind and the sire of an affected calf revealed a missense mutation at 79,613,592 bp, likely having a harmful impact. The affected calf was homozygous, while the sire and Southwind were heterozygous. This comprehensive analysis covered 5.6 million Holsteins, showing the haplotype is widespread, complicating management and eradication efforts.

Breeders face significant challenges with this haplotype’s link to higher calf mortality and incomplete penetrance, necessitating advanced tracking and management methods. Continuous advancements in genetic analysis and breeding strategies are essential to improve calf viability and overall herd health.

The Hidden Genetic Legacy in Holstein Herds: Tracing Calf Muscle Weakness to an Ancestral Haplotype

The genotype analysis of 5.6 million Holstein cattle has revealed crucial genetic insights, linking a specific haplotype to calf muscle weakness. The study focused on DNA variations on chromosome 16, identifying a recessive haplotype associated with increased calf mortality rates. Tracing lineage data back to 1952, researchers identified a bull named Southwind, born in 1984, as homozygous for this haplotype.

The prevalence of this haplotype underscored the value of genetic monitoring in detecting long-standing patterns within the bovine genome. By combining genotypic data with phenotypic records, the study established the haplotype’s link to muscle weakness, marking a key step in genomic selection strategies aimed at addressing this issue. This breakthrough emphasized the necessity of genetic vigilance to foresee and curtail harmful traits in cattle herds.

Decoding the Genetic Blueprint: Sequencing Efforts Reveal Key Mutations in Holstein Muscle Weakness

The scanning process focused on aligning sequence data from Southwind, the affected calf, and the sire. High-throughput sequencing technologies were employed to pinpoint mutations, emphasizing regions previously linked to the phenotype. The search targeted single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that could affect protein function.

This analysis revealed a crucial missense mutation at position 79,613,592 bp. This mutation modifies the resulting protein’s amino acid sequence, likely impairing its function. It was homozygous in the affected calf, indicating its probable role in muscle weakness. Conversely, Southwind and the sire were heterozygous, pointing to a recessive inheritance pattern. The concordance in these findings strengthens the link between this missense mutation and the observed calf muscle weakness, suggesting the need for further functional studies.

Harnessing Genetic Concordance: Insights from the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository

The concordance study, leveraging the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository, pinpointed the genetic roots of calf muscle weakness in Holsteins. The investigation revealed a 97% concordance between the sequence data and the haplotype and achieved an 89% call rate. These findings underscore the reliability of the genetic markers and highlight the potential for enhanced genetic tracking and selective breeding to combat such inherited conditions.

The Evolutionary Conservation of CACNA1S: Insights into Muscle Function and Disease Across Species

The exon amino acid sequence in the CACNA1S gene is highly conserved across species, underscoring its critical role in muscle function. This gene, coding for a voltage-dependent calcium channel, shows remarkable similarity in sequence across different species, reflecting its importance.

In humans, CACNA1S mutations lead to conditions like hypokalemic periodic paralysis and malignant hyperthermia, characterized by sudden muscle weakness or rigidity. In mice, similar mutations cause myotonia and muscle dysfunctions. These parallels illustrate the gene’s vital role in muscle excitability and its evolutionary conservation.

The conservation of CACNA1S has significant implications. It allows findings from one species to inform our understanding in others, aiding in the study of genetic diseases. In dairy science, identifying such mutations supports better breeding strategies and health management in cattle populations. Furthermore, these insights can guide the development of targeted therapies across species, benefiting both agriculture and medicine.

The Evolution of Pedigree Tracking in Dairy Cattle: Precision in Identifying Mutations Within Existing Haplotype Frameworks

The landscape of pedigree tracking in dairy cattle has advanced with modern methodologies enhancing the precision in identifying new mutations within existing haplotypes. In this study, focus was given to the muscle weakness haplotype (HMW) and Holstein cholesterol deficiency (HCD), utilizing innovative techniques to gain actionable insights.

Researchers effectively used high-resolution genetic mapping and comprehensive pedigree analyses to trace the HMW mutation. This dual approach successfully tracked the HMW haplotype through contemporary genotyping and historical records, confirming Southwind as a key ancestor. These refined methods achieved a 97% concordance rate and an 89% call rate, validating their effectiveness.

Regarding Holstein cholesterol deficiency, the integration of direct gene tests with precise pedigree tracking improved gene test accuracy. This harmonized approach significantly enhanced concordance rates, leading to more effective management strategies for breeders, and reducing HCD incidences through informed mating decisions.

Reviewing heifer livability records substantiated the findings. For HMW, 46 heifers, all homozygous and traceable to Southwind, showed a 52% mortality rate before 18 months, compared to a mere 2.4% for noncarriers. These results highlight the importance of advanced tracking techniques in breeding programs to minimize the impact of such mutations.

From identifying elevated calf mortality to pinpointing genetic causes, this journey underscores the power of modern pedigree tracking. These methodologies have not only revealed key genetic insights but also paved the way for enhanced herd management and health outcomes for Holsteins. The future of dairy cattle breeding stands to be revolutionized by these advancements, fostering a more precise and informed approach to genetic selection.

Quantifying the Genetic Toll: Heifer Livability Analysis in HMW Homozygous Calves

Analyzing heifer livability records for 558,000 calves revealed vital insights into genetic effects on viability. For the HMW haplotype, 46 homozygous heifers, all tracing back to the ancestor Southwind, were studied. A significant 52% died before 18 months, with an average age of 1.7 ± 1.6 months. In stark contrast, the mortality rate among non-carriers was just 2.4%. This death rate for homozygous heifers might be underestimated due to possible healthier calves being genotyped.

Incorporating Holstein Muscle Weakness (HMW) into Selection and Mating Strategies: Rethinking Reporting Methods and Dominance Effects

Integrating Holstein Muscle Weakness (HMW) into selection and mating strategies requires rethinking current reporting methods and considering dominance effects. The incomplete penetrance of HMW may cause traditional methodologies to miss or underestimate its prevalence and impact. More accurate reporting is essential to reflect the genetic status concerning HMW.

Dominance effects further complicate HMW inheritance. Unlike simple recessive traits, HMW’s variable penetrance creates a range of phenotypic expressions that must be considered in breeding decisions. Comprehensive genetic testing, including both genotypic and phenotypic data, will enable informed decisions and help manage partial lethality traits within the herd.

Direct genetic tests for HMW mutations should be standard in selection protocols, especially for lines tracing back to carriers like Southwind. This approach helps maintain the herd’s genetic fitness without inadvertently continuing the risk of HMW-related calf mortality. By refining these methods, the dairy industry can better balance productivity with animal welfare, fostering a healthier Holstein population.

The Bottom Line

The discovery of a common haplotype linked to calf muscle weakness in Holsteins highlights the importance of genetic research in animal husbandry. Identifying a missense mutation at 79,613,592 bp in the CACNA1S gene, researchers have deepened our understanding of this condition. The analysis, showing a 97% concordance rate, underscores the mutation’s significance. Improved pedigree tracking methods have clarified the relationship between haplotypes and calf mortality, revealing a significant survival rate difference between homozygous calves with the mutation and noncarriers. Direct tests for new mutations within common haplotypes are crucial. These tests provide a precise framework for managing genetic defects, facilitating informed selection and mating strategies, and strengthening Holstein genetic resilience.

Key Takeaways:

A novel missense mutation at 79,613,592 bp within a common haplotype on chromosome 16 is associated with calf muscle weakness in Holsteins.
The identified haplotype is linked to elevated calf mortality and traces back to an ancestor born in 1984, indicating a long-standing genetic issue within the breed.
The mutation was found to be homozygous in affected calves, while the sires and the key ancestor Southwind were heterozygous carriers.
Genetic data from the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository demonstrated a 97% concordance with the identified haplotype, reinforcing the reliability of genetic markers.
The CACNA1S gene, associated with muscle function, is highly conserved across species, hinting at parallel phenotypes in humans and mice.
Advanced genetic tracking and pedigree analysis methods are crucial for identifying new mutations within existing haplotypes, especially in high-frequency cases.
Heifer livability records showed a significant mortality rate among homozygous calves, underlining the condition’s impact on herd productivity and management.
Revised selection and mating strategies are necessary to address HMW, including potential direct testing and consideration of partially lethal genetic effects.

Summary:

Calf muscle weakness, a growing concern in Holsteins, is a significant issue in dairy farming. A recessive haplotype at the end of chromosome 16, traced back to 1952, has been identified in 5.6 million Holsteins, complicating management and eradication efforts. This haplotype’s link to higher calf mortality and incomplete penetrance necessitates advanced tracking and management methods. The genotype analysis of 5.6 million Holstein cattle revealed crucial genetic insights, linking a specific haplotype to calf muscle weakness. The concordance study, leveraging the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository, found a 97% concordance between sequence data and the haplotype and an 89% call rate, highlighting the reliability of genetic markers and the potential for enhanced genetic tracking and selective breeding to combat inherited conditions. The CACNA1S gene, a key component in muscle function, is highly conserved across different species and is important in various diseases. Modern methodologies have enhanced the precision in identifying new mutations within existing haplotype frameworks.

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Categories : Genetics

Canada Invests CA$1.7M to Enhance Beef and Dairy Cattle Genetics with AI and Machine Learning

Monday, June 10th, 2024

Learn how Canada’s CA$1.7M investment in AI and machine learning seeks to transform beef and dairy cattle genetics. What are the potential benefits for both farmers and consumers?

Canada is boosting its agriculture industry with a CA$1.7 million investment to enhance beef and dairy cattle genetics. This funding will use artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to improve genetic data capture.

The initiative will:

Increase farmer profitability
Boost economic and environmental sustainability
Enhance the global competitiveness of Canadian products

“Investing in new technologies will enhance the industry’s economic and environmental sustainability while putting more money in the pockets of producers and more top-quality Canadian products on tables around the world,” said Canada’s Agriculture Minister Lawrence MacAulay.

This funding aims to position Canada as a global agriculture leader, a recognition that will be earned through advancing genetic selection and promoting animal health and welfare.

Boosting Genetic Research: CA$1.6m Investment for Sustainable Agriculture

The funding details are notable, with an exact allocation of CA$1,627,270 (US$1,181,438) provided directly by the Canadian Ministry of Agriculture and Agri-Food. This significant investment, which will be disbursed over the next three years, aims to bolster the research and development of advanced genetic evaluation tools, empowering the agricultural sector with cutting-edge technology and enhancing overall industry sustainability.

The Canadian Angus Association: Pioneers in Genetic Research

The Canadian Angus Association, a non-profit, will receive this funding to advance genetic research. Partnering with Holstein Canada, the goal is to improve genetics in both beef and dairy cattle. The Angus Association, focusing on the Angus breed, will lead the research and development of genetic evaluation tools, while Holstein Canada will contribute its expertise in dairy cow genetics.

With this federal investment, they will utilize AI, machine learning, and computer vision in specific ways. For instance, AI will be used to automate data collection and analysis processes, machine learning will enhance insights over time, and computer vision will collect phenotypic data accurately and non-invasively. These tools will impact animal health, welfare, environmental performance, and profitability. This collaboration aims to revolutionize genetic data use, promoting sustainability and economic benefits for Canadian farmers.

Transforming the Cattle Industry with AI, ML, and Computer Vision

The investment in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and computer vision systems marks a significant advancement for the beef and dairy cattle industry. While these technologies offer significant benefits, such as improved efficiency and precision in research, they also come with potential risks, such as data security and privacy concerns. These tools will capture and analyze genetic traits, boosting efficiency and precision in research.

With AI, data collection and analysis processes are automated. Fast genetic information processing gives quick insights that guide breeding and herd management decisions.

Machine learning enhances these insights over time, improving accuracy as more data is fed into the system. This continual learning ensures that research methods stay cutting-edge.

Computer vision systems collect phenotypic data accurately and non-invasively. High-resolution cameras capture real-time images and videos of cattle, reducing the need for human intervention and stress on the animals.

Overall, integrating AI, machine learning, and computer vision streamlines genetic data capture, making it more accurate and less labor-intensive. This comprehensive approach not only boosts the profitability and sustainability of cattle farming but also has a positive impact on the environment. By improving the efficiency of genetic selection, the project aims to reduce the industry’s environmental footprint, enhancing the quality of Canadian beef and dairy products globally.

Transformative Potential: Economic and Environmental Gains from Federal Investment

Canada’s agriculture minister, Lawrence MacAulay, highlighted the investment’s impact: “This initiative will transform our agriculture by enhancing economic and environmental sustainability. We’re putting more money in producers’ pockets and ensuring top-quality Canadian products reach tables worldwide. This boosts farmer profitability and underscores our commitment to sustainable practices.”

Minister MacAulay: Embracing Technology for Economic and Environmental Advancement

Canada’s agriculture minister, Lawrence MacAulay, highlighted the multifaceted benefits of this investment, stating, “By embracing advanced technologies, we are not only supporting our farmers but also paving the way for enhanced economic and environmental sustainability. This funding is crucial to increasing producers’ profitability and ensuring that our beef and dairy products maintain top-notch quality. These advancements mean more money in producers’ pockets and more top-quality Canadian products on tables worldwide.”

Impressive Figures: Cattle and Dairy Sales Highlight Canada’s Agricultural Strength in 2023

Canada’s agriculture industry has seen significant growth this year. In 2023 alone, sales of cattle and calves reached an impressive $15 million (US$10.8 million). Meanwhile, milk and cream sales generated a substantial $8.6 billion (US$6.25 billion). These figures highlight the significant economic importance of the beef and dairy sectors in Canada and underscore the potential impact of the new genetic trait research investment.

CEO Myles Immerkar on Advancing Cattle Genetic Research with Strategic Partnerships

Myles Immerkar, CEO of the Canadian Angus Association, highlighted their mission to enhance the Angus breed for Canadian producers and consumers. He thanked Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada for their support through the Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership. Partnering with Holstein Canada, they aim to use advanced cameras and AI technology to measure traits in Angus and Holstein cattle, boosting profitability, health, welfare, and carcass quality.

The Bottom Line

In essence, this substantial investment in advanced genetic research is set to revolutionize Canada’s beef and dairy industries. By harnessing cutting-edge technologies like AI and machine learning, the initiative aims to streamline genetic traits data collection, fostering more informed farming practices. While there may be challenges in implementing these technologies, the funding emphasizes boosting economic profitability, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. This forward-thinking approach balances immediate gains with future sustainability, benefiting producers and consumers.

Key Takeaways:

Canada will invest CA$1,627,270 in beef and dairy cattle genetics research.
The funding will be allocated through the Ministry of Agriculture and Agri-Food.
Canadian Angus Association and Holstein Canada will use these funds to develop AI, machine learning, and computer vision technology for genetic trait analysis.
This investment aims to improve animal health, welfare, environmental performance, and producer profitability.
It supports Canada’s broader goals of economic and environmental sustainability in agriculture.
Sales of cattle and dairy products are already significant, highlighting the industry’s importance to Canada’s economy.

Summary: Canada is investing CA$1.7 million in beef and dairy cattle genetics to enhance farmer profitability, economic and environmental sustainability, and global competitiveness. The Canadian Ministry of Agriculture and Agri-Food will provide the funding, with an exact allocation of CA$1,627,270 over three years. The Canadian Angus Association will lead the research and development of genetic evaluation tools, while Holstein Canada will contribute its expertise in dairy cow genetics. The federal investment will use AI, machine learning, and computer vision to automate data collection and analysis processes, enhancing insights over time and accurately collecting phenotypic data. This will impact animal health, welfare, environmental performance, and profitability, revolutionizing genetic data use and promoting sustainability and economic benefits for Canadian farmers.

Categories : Genetics

Creating the Perfect Dairy Cow….For Your Herd

Wednesday, May 29th, 2024

Boost your dairy’s profitability with modern genetic tools. Learn how to create the ideal cow for your herd. Are you optimizing your milk production?

Breeding the ideal dairy cow is not just a lofty goal; it’s a strategic pathway to long-term success and increased profitability. The perfect cow isn’t just about high milk yield; it’s about seamlessly integrating into your herd, boosting efficiency, and driving your business forward. By understanding your milk market, using genetic tools, and assessing your operation’s needs, you can cultivate a herd that not only meets your current demands but also paves the way for a more prosperous future.

Creating the perfect dairy cow is about understanding your herd’s current and future needs, leveraging genetics, technology, and market insights to drive precise progress. This article will explore essential components of crafting your ideal dairy cow, offering actionable insights on genetic selection, economic optimization, and herd management strategies to navigate modern dairy farming confidently.

It All Starts With a Plan

To craft a genetic plan for future success, it’s crucial to assess your current herd’s performance and genetic potential. As a dairy farmer, you are in a unique position to identify which cows are contributing positively and which ones need improvement. This active role in shaping the genetic blueprint will help pinpoint the key traits to carry forward and those that need enhancement, empowering you to steer your herd toward greater productivity and profitability.

Next, envision your ideal cow in terms of productivity, health, and adaptability. Use this vision to guide your selection criteria. For example, if higher protein content is rewarded in your milk market, prioritize genetics that enhance this trait. Ensure firm health profiles support these traits to reduce veterinary costs and increase longevity.

Genomic tools are a game-changer in the breeding process. They provide detailed insights into the genetic makeup of your cows, empowering you to make more precise breeding decisions. Custom indices can be created to tailor your breeding program to your dairy’s specific goals and needs, ensuring you’re always one step ahead in optimizing your herd’s productivity and profitability.

Consider genetic diversity in your herd as a key strategy to avoid inbreeding issues that can negatively affect health and productivity. Balancing desired traits with maintaining diversity is not just about short-term gains, but also about ensuring the long-term sustainability and resilience of your herd. This approach should reassure you about the robustness of your breeding program and the future of your dairy operation.

Collaborate with genetic experts and use resources from established organizations to conduct comprehensive genetic assessments. These experts can refine your genetic strategy, ensuring each generation of cows is more productive and efficient. Incorporating these methodologies lays a strong foundation for your dairy’s future success.

Designing your ideal cow begins with understanding your current herd and future goals – it’s all about genetic progress. The formula for the rate of genetic gain in dairy cattle is:

Genetic Gain = (Selection Intensity x Accuracy x Genetic Variation) / Generation Interval

This equation underscores the importance of focusing on each variable—selection intensity, accuracy, genetic variation, and generation interval—when aiming to enhance genetic progress in your herd. By optimizing these factors, you can achieve significant improvements in productivity and efficiency over time.

Key Questions

To design the ideal cow for your herd, begin by asking yourself key questions that can influence your breeding and management decisions. Understanding the answers to these inquiries will not only help you optimize milk production but also ensure the long-term sustainability and profitability of your dairy operation.

How do you get paid for your milk? Understanding your payment structure is crucial. Different markets and processors may value milk components such as fat, protein, or overall milk volume differently. Knowing these details will guide your genetic selection to prioritize traits that maximize your revenue.
What are your reasons for culling cows from your herd? Identifying reasons for culling is essential. Are cows leaving due to health issues, fertility problems, or perhaps production inefficiencies? Making data-driven decisions can help you target genetic improvements that mitigate these issues, leading to a more resilient and productive herd.
What processor demands and facility changes are anticipated in the future? Market demands can shift, and processing facilities might update their requirements. Stay ahead by understanding future trends and requirements. This strategic foresight will help you breed cows that meet upcoming standards and consumer expectations.
What does your herd need to look like in five years? Setting long-term goals is vital for sustained success. Consider what traits will be necessary to maintain profitability, efficiency, and herd health in the coming years. This forward-thinking approach will inform your genetic strategy, ensuring your herd evolves in alignment with market demands and operational goals.
Are thre functional conformation issues that affect the efficiency of your operation? Physical traits such as udder conformation, foot and leg structure, and overall cow size can significantly impact milking efficiency and herd longevity. Addressing these trait issues through careful genetic selection can lead to improved operational efficiency and reduced labor costs.

Answering these key questions thoroughly and honestly will provide a solid foundation for your genetic plan, propelling your dairy operation toward greater efficiency and profitability. By focusing on these critical aspects, you lay the groundwork for developing a herd that not only meets but exceeds market and operational expectations.

Selecting the Ideal Breed

When it comes to selecting the ideal breed for your dairy operation, it’s crucial to evaluate the milk production capabilities of different breeds. Holsteins, for instance, are known for their high milk yield but have lower butterfat content, making them ideal for markets that emphasize volume. Jerseys, on the other hand, produce less milk but offer richer milk with higher butterfat, attracting premium prices in specific markets. Ayrshires, Guernseys, and Brown Swiss each present unique advantages in milk composition, feed efficiency, and adaptability to various systems. Understanding these differences can help you make the right choice for your operation.

Environmental factors such as climate play a significant role in breed selection. Jerseys and Guernseys are better suited to warmer climates due to their lighter coats and higher heat tolerance. At the same time, more giant Holsteins are better suited to more relaxed environments. Diet is equally essential; Holsteins require a diet rich in energy and protein to sustain high milk production, whereas breeds like Brown Swiss or Ayrshires thrive in grazing systems by efficiently converting forage.

Management practices also influence breed choice. Holsteins require high management standards to reach their genetic potential, making them less ideal for operations with limited resources. In contrast, Brown Swiss and Ayrshires often exhibit strong durability and resilience, better fitting extensive, lower-input systems.

Ultimately, selecting cows with good genetics is essential for optimizing milk production. Using modern genetic tools and focusing on traits aligned with your operational goals—such as health, longevity, and fertility—can significantly enhance herd productivity and profitability. Genetically superior cows can produce more milk with reduced health and management costs.

Breed	Average Annual Milk Production (lbs)	Milk Fat (%)	Milk Protein (%)	Health Traits	Fertility
Holstein	23,000	3.7	3.1	Moderate Health Issues	Average
Jersey	17,000	4.9	3.8	Better Health	High
Ayrshire	19,500	4.1	3.4	Good Health	Good
Guernsey	16,200	4.7	3.5	Moderate Health	Moderate
Brown Swiss	22,000	4.0	3.6	Good Health	Average

Envision Your Ideal Cow

They are creating the ideal cow for your herd, which centers on enhancing productivity, health, and adaptability to ensure efficiency and profitability. Focus on traits such as milk yield, fat and protein content, and feed efficiency. High milk production and quality components are vital, especially where premium prices are available. Efficient feed conversion leads to inherently more profitable cows.

Health traits are crucial. Healthy cows incur fewer veterinary costs and have longer productive lifespans. Key characteristics include disease resistance, excellent udder health, and fertility. Efficient breeding reduces calving intervals and ensures a steady supply of replacements. In contrast, calving eases impacts the cow’s well-being and calf viability.

Adaptability ensures cows thrive in your environment. Heat tolerance, resilience to varying feed availability, and environmental adaptability are essential. Behavioral traits like temperament and ease of handling affect operational smoothness and labor efficiency.

In summary, envisioning your ideal cow involves balancing productivity, health, and adaptability. Utilize modern genetic tools and strategic breeding to create a herd meeting these criteria for long-term success.

Leveraging Modern Tools

With the continuous advancements in genetic technologies, dairy producers have tools to speed up genetic progress and boost herd performance. These tools ensure that each cow generation surpasses the last in productivity, health, and adaptability. Here’s a closer look at these cutting-edge tools:

Genomic Selection: Using high-performance genetic markers, genomic selection allows producers to predict traits precisely, ensuring superior genetic material is passed on. This reduces the risk of unwanted characteristics and enhances the chances of high-yield, disease-resistant cows.

Genomic Testing: This tool creates a detailed genetic roster for all females in the herd, enabling accurate ranking based on a custom index. It helps design targeted breeding programs, identifying which females should produce replacements and which to breed to beef.

Custom Index: A custom selection index tailored to your management style and herd goals is a roadmap for genetic progress. Prioritizing essential traits ensures genetic gains align with your economic objectives.

Sexed Semen: With rising input costs, efficient herd management is crucial. Sexed semen increases the likelihood of female offspring, allowing you to raise only the most genetically superior heifers, reducing unnecessary costs.

Moreover, genome editing technologies promise to revolutionize dairy cattle breeding by allowing precise genetic modifications. This can accelerate the improvement of production and reproductive traits while maintaining genetic diversity, ensuring robust and resilient herds.

Building a Custom Index for Your Herd

A custom index is a valuable tool to match your dairy’s goals and management style. It involves selecting the traits most crucial to your operation and assigning them suitable weightings, like creating a recipe with perfectly measured ingredients for optimal results.

Start by evaluating the key performance indicators (KPIs) that drive profitability, such as milk yield, fat and protein content, reproductive efficiency, health traits like somatic cell count, and longevity. Collect and analyze data to understand which traits most impact your success. Farm records, historical data, and market demands will help shape your custom index.

Technology simplifies integrating these data points into a unified strategy. Advanced genetic evaluation programs can calculate and refine your custom index, ensuring each trait is weighted accurately to reflect its economic impact. This allows you to prioritize traits that significantly influence productivity and profitability.

A custom index aims to enhance your herd’s genetic potential in alignment with your specific needs. By focusing your breeding programs through this targeted approach, you can improve genetic quality, boost milk production efficiency, and enhance herd health. This strategy supports sustainable growth and market resilience.

Trait	Description	Importance
Milk Yield	Total volume of milk produced per lactation period	High
Fat Percentage	Proportion of fat in milk, crucial for dairy products like butter and cheese	High
Protein Percentage	Proportion of protein in milk, essential for cheese production and nutritional value	High
Somatic Cell Count (SCC)	Indicator of milk quality and udder health, lower is better	Medium
Fertility	Measures reproductive efficiency and calving intervals	Medium
Longevity	Expected productive lifespan of the cow	Medium
Feed Efficiency	Ability to convert feed into milk, optimizing costs	High
Health Traits	Include resistance to diseases and overall well-being	Medium
Calving Ease	Likelihood of a cow to give birth without complications	Medium
Environmental Impact	Efficiency-related traits to reduce carbon footprint	Low

The Power of Genomic Testing

Genomic testing is a game-changer in dairy farming, advancing how producers make decisions about their herds. By analyzing cattle DNA, it provides detailed insights into each animal’s genetic potential, surpassing what can be determined through pedigree and phenotype alone.

This technology is precious for predicting the potential of young heifers before they produce their first calf, allowing for early and accurate selection decisions. Research shows that genomic evaluations offer more excellent reliability for traits such as residual feed intake (RFI) than traditional methods, aiding in selecting feed-efficient heifers and reducing costs.

Genomic testing creates a detailed genetic profile of the herd, identifying strengths and areas needing improvement, such as milk yield, fat content, fertility, and health traits like mastitis resistance. This understanding allows for targeted breeding strategies that enhance productivity and profitability.

High-density genomic tools are also beneficial for smaller herds or those with limited data. They boost the accuracy of genetic evaluations and enable meaningful progress.

Incorporating genomic testing into dairy management leverages genetic data to shape a herd that meets and exceeds operational goals, optimizing efficiency, productivity, and long-term profitability.

Year	Rate of Genetic Gain Without Genomic Testing	Rate of Genetic Gain With Genomic Testing
1	2%	5%
2	4%	10%
3	6%	15%
4	8%	20%
5	10%	25%

Maximizing Efficiency with Sexed Semen

Utilizing sexed semen can significantly enhance the genetic and economic outcomes of your dairy operation. By increasing the probability of female calves, sexed semen allows for more targeted breeding, aligning to create the ideal cow while minimizing the costs of raising unwanted male calves.

This increased selection intensity ensures that the best-performing dams contribute to the next generation, leading to a uniform, high-performing herd. It accelerates genetic gains and optimizes traits such as milk production, longevity, and reproductive efficiency.

Using sexed semen also helps manage herd size by controlling the number of heifers born, avoiding overpopulation, and reducing feed costs. This ensures that resources are invested in the most promising individuals, enhancing overall profitability.

Moreover, sexed semen allows for strategic planning and maintains a consistent, high-quality milk supply. It creates a sustainable blueprint adaptable to the dairy industry’s economic variables and allows for increased revenue from programs like Beef on Dairy.

In essence, leveraging sexed semen is a forward-thinking approach that maximizes genetic progress and economic efficiency. It prepares your herd to meet evolving market challenges and optimizes productivity and profitability.

Aspect	Sexed Semen ROI	Beef on Dairy ROI
Initial Investment	High	Moderate
Genetic Progress	High	Low to Moderate
Time to ROI	2-3 Years	1-2 Years
Profitability Impact	High	Moderate
Operational Flexibility	Moderate	High

Embracing Genetic Diversity

Genetic diversity within your herd is essential. It ensures robust health and adaptability and mitigates the risk of genetic disorders from inbreeding. A diverse gene pool helps your herd withstand diseases, adapt to environmental changes, and maintain productivity under varying conditions. This resilience is crucial in the face of climate change, new pathogens, and shifting market demands.

Additionally, genetic diversity enhances the overall performance of your dairy operation. With a range of traits, you can selectively breed for specific strengths such as milk yield, fertility, and longevity. Guided by genetic testing and genomic selection tools, this approach improves your herd incrementally while maintaining a broad genetic base.

Promote genetic diversity by using a variety of sires and incorporating genetics from different lineages. This prevents a narrow genetic pool and introduces beneficial traits. Regular genomic testing can identify carriers of genetic disorders, allowing you to manage these risks strategically while maximizing your herd’s potential.

In conclusion, balancing productivity with genetic diversity will pay long-term dividends. A diverse herd is more sustainable, resilient, and adaptable to future challenges in the dairy industry. By leveraging modern genetic tools and strategic breeding practices, you can cultivate a herd that is both productive and genetically diverse, ensuring ongoing success and viability.

Year	Inbreeding Coefficient (%)	Impact
2000	3.5	Mild impact on genetic diversity
2005	4.8	Increased vulnerability to diseases and reduced fertility
2010	5.4	Notable decline in performance traits observed
2015	6.2	Further losses in productivity and adaptability
2020	7.1	Serious concerns over long-term sustainability

Partnering with Genetics Experts

Engaging with genetic experts can significantly enhance your breeding efforts. These professionals bring advanced knowledge in dairy cattle genetics, offering strategies tailored to your herd. By consulting with them, you gain access to tools like custom indices, genomic testing, and sexed semen, streamlining the genetic selection process to meet your productivity and profitability goals.

Genetic consultants help interpret complex data and develop breeding programs that align with your dairy’s goals. They can customize selection indices prioritizing traits like milk yield, udder health, and cow longevity, ensuring your cows thrive in your specific environment and meet market demands.

Collaborating with these experts ensures continuous improvement. They offer regular assessments and adjustments to your genetic plan, keeping your herd robust, adaptable, and productive, maximizing profitability in a changing dairy industry.

Type of Expert	Role	How They Help
Geneticist	Analyzing Genetic Data	Interprets and utilizes genomic information to enhance the genetic potential of the herd.
Veterinarian	Animal Health Management	Provides insights into breeding for disease resistance and overall health improvements.
Dairy Nutritionist	Diet Optimization	Ensures that dietary needs align with the genetic goals for milk production and cow health.
AI Technician	Artificial Insemination	Assists in selecting the right sires and implementing effective breeding programs including the use of sexed semen.
Economic Analyst	Financial Planning	Helps optimize the economic aspects of herd management, including cost-benefit analysis of genetic strategies.

The Bottom Line

Creating the ideal dairy cow for your herd hinges on careful planning and management. Understanding your milk market and aligning your herd’s genetics to these needs can boost profitability. By using a focused genetic plan and tools like custom indices, genomic testing, and sexed semen, you can develop a herd that is both productive and cost-efficient.

Dairy farmers must stay updated and flexible, ensuring their herd evolves with market changes. Manage your herd composition, cull wisely, and leverage genetic innovations for sustained success. Now is the time to review your strategies, consult genetics experts, and implement these tools to enhance productivity and profitability. Your ideal herd is within reach with informed decision-making.

Key Takeaways:

Optimize your dairy’s economics by focusing on input costs, milk composition, and understanding your milk check structure to boost profitability.
Leverage modern genetic tools such as custom indices, genomic testing, and sexed semen to create an ideal, profitable cow for your dairy operation.
Focus on raising the right number of productive heifers to ensure efficient culling and maximize the yield from a mature herd.
Continuously evaluate why cows are leaving your operation; targeted genetic improvements can address health and efficiency issues.
Stay adaptable to future market and processor demands by envisioning what your herd needs to look like in the years ahead and integrating those insights into your breeding program.

Summary: The ideal dairy cow is not just about high milk yield, but also about integrating into the herd, boosting efficiency, and driving the business forward. By understanding your milk market, using genetic tools, and assessing your operation’s needs, you can cultivate a herd that meets your current demands and paves the way for a prosperous future. To craft a genetic plan for future success, assess your current herd’s performance and genetic potential, and visit your ideal cow in terms of productivity, health, and adaptability. Genetic tools provide detailed insights into the genetic makeup of your cows, enabling you to make more precise breeding decisions. Balancing desired traits with maintaining diversity is essential for long-term sustainability and resilience. Collaborating with genetic experts and using resources from established organizations can refine your genetic strategy, ensuring each generation of cows is more productive and efficient.

Categories : Genetics

How Genetic Variants Impact Reproduction and Disease Traits: Unlocking the Secrets of Holstein Cattle

Tuesday, May 28th, 2024

Explore the pivotal role of genetic variants in Holstein cattle’s reproduction and disease traits. Could these insights pave the way for groundbreaking advancements in dairy farming and cattle health management?

Envision a future where the dairy industry, a pillar of global agriculture, is transformed by the intricate understanding of genetic blueprints. Step into the world of Holstein cattle, the unrivaled champions of dairy production, whose genetic composition holds the promise of elevating yield and health. These iconic black-and-white bovines symbolize milk and the unyielding pursuit of genetic advancement that could propel dairy farming to unprecedented heights.

At the heart of this genetic endeavor lies the concept of genetic variants, specifically copy number variants (CNVs). These structural changes in the genome, where sections of DNA are duplicated or deleted, can profoundly influence traits such as reproduction and disease resistance in cattle. By meticulously decoding these genomic puzzles, scientists aim to unlock actionable insights that could significantly enhance the robustness and productivity of Holstein cattle.

Understanding CNVs in Holstein cattle is not just about increasing milk production; it’s about ensuring healthier and more resilient herds. This could be a game-changer for farmers worldwide.

Unraveling the Genetic Blueprint: The Surprising Significance of CNVs in Cattle

In recent decades, cattle genetic research has made significant strides in unraveling the intricate fabric of the bovine genome, underscoring its pivotal role in breeding and disease management. Of particular interest are copy number variants (CNVs), which involve duplications or deletions of DNA segments, leading to variations in gene copy numbers. Unlike single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter a single base, CNVs affect more substantial genomic regions, thereby significantly impacting gene function and phenotype.

CNVs are vital in animal breeding and genetics, influencing traits from growth and milk production to disease resistance and reproduction. Understanding CNVs enables researchers to identify genetic markers for selecting animals with desirable characteristics, improving cattle health and productivity. Thus, CNVs offer a valuable toolkit for animal breeding, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable cattle farming.

Decoding the Genomic Puzzles of Holstein Cattle: A Deep Dive into CNVs and Their Impact on Vital Traits

The study embarked on a fascinating journey into the genetic complexities of Canadian Holstein cattle, with a specific focus on the impact of Copy Number Variants (CNVs) on reproduction and disease traits. The research team meticulously analyzed extensive genomic data, using a substantial sample size of 13,730 cattle genotyped with a 95K SNP panel and 8,467 cattle genotyped with a 50K SNP panel. To ensure accuracy, genome sequence data from 126 animals was also incorporated, leading to the identification and validation of CNVs. This concerted effort mapped 870 high-confidence CNV regions across 12,131 cattle, providing a comprehensive basis for linking CNVRs to critical reproductive and disease traits.

Advanced genomic techniques were employed to detect and confirm CNVs in Holstein cattle. Intensity signal files with Log R ratio (LRR) and B allele frequency (BAF) data were analyzed. LRR indicates duplications or deletions in the genome. At the same time, BAF distinguishes between heterozygous and homozygous states, which is essential for accurate CNV detection.

CNV regions frequent in at least 1% of the population were meticulously selected, ensuring only significant CNVs were included. This stringent process led to identifying 870 high-confidence CNVRs, paving the way for associating these CNVs with critical reproduction and disease traits.

Mapping the Genetic Terrain: Exploring 870 High-Confidence CNV Regions in Holstein Cattle

The study unveiled an intricate genetic landscape in Holstein cattle by identifying 870 high-confidence CNV regions (CNVRs) using whole-genome sequence data. Among them, 54 CNVRs with 1% or higher frequencies were selected for in-depth genome-wide association analyses. This targeted approach enhanced the robustness of the findings.

This analysis revealed four CNVRs significantly associated with key reproductive and disease traits. Notably, two CNVRs were linked to critical reproductive traits: calf survival, first service to conception, and non-return rate. These traits are crucial for dairy farming efficiency and animal welfare.

Additionally, two CNVRs were associated with metritis and retained placenta, highlighting their role in disease susceptibility. These CNVRs contain genes linked to immune response, cellular signaling, and neuronal development, pointing to a complex interplay of genetic factors. This identification opens doors for future studies, promising genetic improvements and better cattle health.

The Dual Impact of CNVRs: Revolutionizing Reproduction and Disease Resistance in Holstein Cattle

The identified CNVRs significantly impact reproduction and disease traits in Holstein cattle. By targeting specific genomic regions tied to calf survival, first service to conception, non-return rate, metritis, and retained placenta, this study opens doors for targeted genetic improvements. These CNVRs contain genes crucial for various biological processes. For example, immune response genes are vital for developing disease resistance, potentially reducing infections like metritis. Likewise, genes involved in cellular signaling are essential for regulating reproductive efficiency and embryo development.

Notably, genes associated with neuronal development hint at the involvement of neurological factors in fertility and disease resistance. This underscores the intricate interplay between various biological systems in cattle health and productivity, a fascinating aspect of this research.

The tangible advantages of these discoveries are significant. Incorporating these CNV-associated genetic markers into breeding programs can enhance selection precision for desirable traits, boosting herd performance. This progress amplifies reproductive success and fortifies disease resilience, leading to robust, high-yielding cattle populations. These insights represent a significant stride in genomics-assisted breeding, promising substantial improvements in the efficiency and sustainability of dairy farming.

The Bottom Line

This study highlights the critical role of CNVRs in shaping essential reproduction and disease traits in Holstein cattle. By examining the genetic details of these CNVRs in a large sample, the research reveals significant links that can enhance calf survival, fertility, and disease resistance. These findings support earlier studies and emphasize the importance of genetic variants in boosting dairy cattle’s health and productivity.

Understanding these genetic markers offers researchers and breeders key insights for more effective selection strategies, promoting a more substantial, productive Holstein population. As we advance genetic research, the potential to transform dairy cattle breeding becomes clearer, paving the way for healthier herds, improved reproduction, and better disease management.

Key Takeaways:

The study analyzed genomic data from 13,730 cattle genotyped with a 95K SNP panel and 8,467 cattle genotyped with a 50K SNP panel.
Researchers identified and validated 870 high-confidence CNV regions across 12,131 cattle using whole genome sequence data from 126 animals.
A total of 54 CNV regions with significant frequencies (≥1%) were utilized for genome-wide association analysis.
Four CNV regions were significantly associated with reproduction and disease traits, highlighting their potential role in these critical areas.
Two CNVRs were linked to three key reproductive traits: calf survival, first service to conception, and non-return rate.
The remaining two CNVRs were associated with disease traits such as metritis and retained placenta.
Genes implicated within these CNVRs are involved in immune response, cellular signaling, and neuronal development, suggesting their importance in disease resistance and reproductive efficiency.
Identifying these genetic markers paves the way for improving selection precision, boosting herd performance, and enhancing disease resilience in Holstein cattle.

Summary: A study on the genetic complexities of Canadian Holstein cattle has identified Copy Number Variants (CNVs) that impact reproduction and disease traits. The research team analyzed genomic data from 13,730 cattle genotyped with a 95K SNP panel and 8,467 cattle genotyped with a 50K SNP panel. They identified and validated 870 high-confidence CNV regions across 12,131 cattle. Two CNVRs were linked to critical reproductive traits, such as calf survival, first service to conception, non-return rate, metritis, and retained placenta, which are crucial for dairy farming efficiency and animal welfare. These CNVRs contain genes crucial for biological processes, such as immune response genes for disease resistance, cellular signaling genes for reproductive efficiency and embryo development, and genes associated with neuronal development. Incorporating these CNV-associated genetic markers into breeding programs can enhance selection precision, boost herd performance, and fortify disease resilience, leading to robust, high-yielding cattle populations.

Categories : Genetics

Ten Tips for Achieving Your Ideal Dairy Herd Through Enhanced Genetic Selection Strategies

Sunday, April 28th, 2024

Discover how to achieve your ideal dairy herd with our top tips on enhanced genetic selection strategies. Ready to optimize your herd’s genetic potential?

Getting the dairy herd you want through improved genetic selection isn’t just an aspiration; it’s a strategic process that can propel your dairy operation’s productivity, health, and profitability to new heights. It’s about using scientific advancements in a practical way to better your herd and, in turn, your business. Here are some useful tips to guide you in achieving a superior dairy herd through genetic selection:

1. Set Clear Breeding Goals

Identify Objectives: Determine what traits are most important for your operation—be it milk production, milk quality (fat and protein content), fertility, longevity, or disease resistance.
Prioritize Traits: Not all traits can be improved simultaneously to the same extent, so prioritize them based on your farm’s specific needs and market demands.

2. Understand Genetic Metrics

Use Genetic Evaluations: Familiarize yourself with key genetic metrics such as Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) or Predicted Transmitting Abilities (PTAs) that help predict an animal’s potential to pass on specific traits.
Genomic Testing: Invest in genomic testing to gain a more accurate assessment of the genetic potential of your herd. This can be particularly valuable for making decisions about young animals whose production potential is not yet evident.

3. Choose the Right Genetics

Select Superior Sires: Choose bulls whose genetic profiles align with your breeding goals. Utilize semen from proven bulls with high genetic merit to ensure the best genetic gains.
Consider Crossbreeding: If applicable, consider crossbreeding strategies to introduce hybrid vigor, which can enhance traits like health and fertility.

4. Manage Genetic Diversity

Avoid Inbreeding: Monitor and manage the genetic diversity of your herd to avoid inbreeding, which can lead to reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to diseases.
Diverse Genetic Pool: Maintain a diverse genetic pool within your herd to safeguard against genetic bottlenecks and to provide flexibility in breeding choices.

5. Implement a Strategic Breeding Plan

Record Keeping: Keep detailed records of breeding, health, and production to monitor the progress of your genetic selection strategies and make informed breeding decisions.
Regular Review: Regularly review and adjust your breeding plan based on the performance of your herd and changing farm goals.

6. Utilize Professional Services

Genetic Consultants: Work with genetic consultants or advisors who can provide insights and help develop a tailored breeding program suited to your farm’s needs.
Artificial Insemination (AI) Technicians: Employ skilled AI technicians to ensure high success rates of insemination, crucial for realizing genetic improvement.

7. Focus on Female Reproductive Performance

Heifer Selection: Invest in selecting and raising the best heifers, as they are your future milking herd. Prioritize traits that improve reproductive efficiency and longevity.
Culling Decisions: Make strategic culling decisions to remove animals that consistently underperform or have undesirable traits from your breeding pool.

8. Monitor and Evaluate Progress

Performance Metrics: Regularly evaluate the herd’s performance against the set breeding goals. Adjust your strategies as needed based on practical outcomes and new genetic information.
Use Technology: Employ technology to track and analyze data from your herd. Technologies like herd management software can provide valuable insights into the genetic progress of your herd.

9. Engage with Breeder Networks

Networking: Connect with other breeders and industry experts through associations, workshops, and seminars to stay updated on the latest trends and technologies in dairy genetics.

10. Continual Learning and Adaptation

Stay Informed: Keep up with the latest research and developments in genetics and dairy science. Being adaptive to new methods and technologies can significantly enhance your breeding program.

So, what’s the main takeaway? Genome improvement isn’t merely an extraneous detail; it’s a substantially influential factor in the betterment of your dairy farm. With the tips shared earlier, you now have a powerful guide to direct the genetic growth of your herd meticulously. By diligently applying these practices, you’re not just meeting your goals, you are setting new records in milk production and profitability. Remember to integrate innovative technologies, learn continuously, and keep a close watch on your herd’s genetic diversity for best results. After all, your herd’s success is synonymous with your own. Cheers to a prosperous farming future grounded on advanced genetic selection!

Summary: Achieving your ideal dairy herd through enhanced genetic selection strategies involves setting clear breeding goals, understanding genetic metrics, choosing the right genetics, managing genetic diversity, implementing a strategic breeding plan, utilizing professional services, focusing on female reproductive performance, monitoring and evaluating progress, using technology, engaging with breeder networks, and being continuously learning and adapting. By following these tips, you can optimize your herd’s genetic potential, improve milk production and profitability, and set new records in milk production and profitability. By incorporating innovative technologies, learning continuously, and monitoring genetic diversity, you can achieve a prosperous farming future.

Categories : Genetics

Unlocking the Potential of Genomic Strategies in Alternative Dairy Production: An Insightful Guide

Sunday, April 28th, 2024

Discover how genomic strategies can revolutionize alternative dairy production. Dive into our insightful guide and unlock the potential of this cutting-edge technology.

Have you ever wondered about the future of dairy? The intricate science of genomics and its potential applications may be the game-changer that the dairy industry needs. As consumers grow more conscious of ethical animal treatment and environmental sustainability, it’s time to delve into a sustainable alternative: genomics for alternative dairy production.

The future may appear very different to the dairy landscape we see today, as the science of genomics holds exceptional promise. In this article, we’ll explore the genomic strategies that are paving the way for alternative dairy production systems, and how these scientific advancements can promote both productivity and welfare in the dairy sector.

Understanding genomics and its potential in alternative dairy production systems

Delving deeper into the realm of genomics, you’ll find that it stands as a game-changer for various agricultural sectors, including dairy farming. Notably, genomic strategies are rapidly gaining traction in the arena of alternative dairy production systems.

The reason is simple: Genomics, quite similar to a road map, empowers us with the ability to decode the genetic fabric of organisms – in this case, dairy cattle. By looking at animals at a molecular level, we can better understand and harness their specific traits to meet varying needs, be it increased milk yield or better resilience against diseases.

For example, the work of Hayes, B.J., Bowman, P.J., Chamberlain, A.J., and Goddard, M.E in 2009 highlighted how genomic selection in dairy cattle has led to significant progress and concurrently posed unique challenges. Their study spotlighted the potential of genomics to aid in dairy cattle breeding decisions, enabling more accurate selection of superior individuals at an early age than conventional methods.

Genomics doesn’t stop at dairy cattle. There is compelling evidence from multiple realms of agriculture that substantiates the potential of genomic selection. It ripples across crop improvement studies and even addresses climate change challenges. High-throughput genomic technology, for instance, has identified potential target genes for mitigating climate change impacts and provided insights into grain yield improvement.

Imagine if we could replicate this success with dairy farms. By using genomic strategies, we could potentially optimize milk production, improve cattle’s resilience against varying stress conditions, and even navigate the challenges posed by climate change. The scope is indeed comprehensive and holds immense untapped potential.

However, like any other advanced science, genomics in alternative dairy production systems isn’t devoid of challenges. These can range from data management and analysis, the dilemma of integrating new information into existing breeding programs, to the ethical considerations of genomic manipulation. But, with each challenge comes an opportunity for solutions that promise a sustainable, productive, and resilient future for dairy farming.

It’s time to foster a comprehensive understanding of genomics and its application in alternative dairy production systems. Together, we can navigate the evolving landscape of dairy farming, making it smarter, better, and more sustainable for generations to come.

The role of genomics in creating healthier, more productive dairy cows in alternative production systems

Let’s dive a little deeper into how genomics is reshaping the future of alternative dairy production systems. After all, who wouldn’t want healthier and more productive cows by leveraging the powers of genomics?

Genomics revolutionizes traditional breeding methods by capitalizing on genomic data to inform faster, more precisely targeted selection for desirable traits. This innovative approach, known as Genomic Selection (GS), has shown immense potential in the acceleration of livestock improvement, as argued by Meuwissen T., Hayes B., and Goddard M in their study.

Known as a revolutionary tool, genomic selection focuses on the entire genome rather than just individual genes. High-throughput genomic technology facilitates identifying promising breeding germplasms, hence achieving notable gains in dairy production quality and efficiency.

How exactly does it work? Let’s break it down. Genomic selection uses the agricultural economic traits of maize, cattle, and pig populations, among others, to predict the genomic merit of a given animal based on its DNA profile. Statistical models are developed based on the presence of specific gene markers, with these markers being traced to particular traits such as milk production, growth rates, resistance to disease, and others. Sounds exciting, right?

Thus, the accuracy of Genomic Selection depends on several factors including the size of the reference population, the effect of QTL, and the heritability of the trait. However, as Hayes B.J., Bowman P.J., Chamberlain A.J., and Goddard M.E. point out in their research, continuous improvement in statistical models leveraging genomic information are critical to the effectiveness of GS-enabled breeding programs.

Notably, apart from enhancing productivity, genomics can help in modeling crop yield for rapid selection under changing environmental conditions, consequently aiding responses to climate change. Techniques like GS are now used for crop improvement, demonstrating the broad potential of genomics in the agricultural sector.

Enhanced Breeding Programs: Genomic information allows for more precise selection of desirable traits such as milk yield, disease resistance, longevity, and fertility. This precision breeding helps in developing herds that are not only more productive but also better suited to the specific conditions of organic and low-input farming systems.
Improved Animal Health and Welfare: Genomics can identify genetic markers linked to health and robustness, enabling farmers to select animals with better natural disease resistance and adaptability to stress. This is particularly important in alternative systems where the use of antibiotics and other interventions is restricted.
Sustainability and Environmental Impact: By enabling the selection of cows with higher feed efficiency, genomics can reduce the carbon footprint of dairy farming. Efficient cows convert feed into milk more effectively, thereby requiring less feed and producing less waste.

To wrap it up, the big picture is this: genomics could redefine dairy production highlights the promise and potential for alternative systems. The sky is truly the limit when we combine science and agriculture in such transformative ways.

How genomics can support sustainable and ethical dairy production in alternative systems

You might be wondering how exactly genomics can contribute to sustainable and ethical dairy production in alternative systems. Well, believe it or not, your breakfast milk may very well be the product of cutting-edge genomic technology.

A key factor in this equation is Genomic Selection (GS). GS, a breakthrough methodology in the field of crop improvement, has now proven its worth within the realm of dairy production. It works by identifying promising breeding germplasm with desirable traits for selection, ultimately boosting genetic gain in breeding programs. In other words, it can improve the inherent qualities of our cattle, the way traditional breeding has done for our crops.

What’s more, GS can greatly enhance food and nutritional security, a cornerstone of any truly sustainable agriculturesystem. By facilitating rapid selection under changing environmental conditions, it bolsters the resilience and adaptability of our dairy production herds.

Can you imagine having climate change-ready cows due to genomic selection? Although that might sound fantastical, genomics is already unveiling its tremendous potential in climate-proofing our agricultural practices. As increasingly erratic weather patterns and fluctuating temperatures punctuate our seasons, livestock resilient to these changes are beyond desirable — they’re critical.

In fact, genomics approaches have led to the identification of target genes capable of mitigating climate change effects. These are to cattle what the mutant loci associated with crop yield under varying stress conditions are to our harvests. The ability to identify such key features could be an invaluable tool in the race against global warming.

Beyond the ecological advantages, ethical dairy production is another arena where genomics can lend a helping hand. By being capable of pinpointing genes associated with animal health and welfare, genomic technology can aid in creating healthier, more productive dairy cows. Consider the advantages of cows with improved health and disease resistance, and the associated decrease in antibiotic use and improved animal welfare. It’s a win for us, the dairy farmers, and – most importantly – the cows themselves.

Practical Applications of Genomic Strategies

Trait Selection: Farmers can use genomic testing to select for specific traits that are crucial for the success of their farming model. For example, in organic dairy farming, traits like hoof health and udder health are highly desirable due to the reliance on pasture-based systems and limited use of chemical treatments.
Preservation of Genetic Diversity: Genomic tools can help manage genetic diversity within a herd, ensuring a healthy gene pool. This is essential for the resilience of the farm ecosystem and helps maintain productivity and adaptability over generations.
Customized Nutrition Plans: By understanding the genetic makeup of their cattle, farmers can tailor nutritional regimens that maximize health and productivity while minimizing environmental impact.

The Bottom Line

Embracing the power of genomic strategies truly signifies a potential revolution within alternative dairy production systems. It enables these systems not only to augment their productivity but also to foster a sustainable environment for future generations. By strategically adopting genomic technologies, farmers are empowered to not only enhance the health and lifespans of their livestock but also increment their yield considerably, causing a decline in their ecological footprint. As we stand at the cusp of an era brimming with advancements in genomics, it is set to become an indispensable component for sustainable agriculture. It remains the beacon of hope, illuminating paths to innovative solutions for age-old conundrums and thus, anchors the continuity and growth of the dairy sector amidst shifting terrains.

Categories : Genetics, Genomics

Uncovering Early Onset Muscle Weakness: How a New Mutation Impacts Holstein Calves

Sunday, January 28th, 2024

Discover the new mutation linked to calf muscle weakness in Holsteins. How does this affect calf mortality and what are the implications for dairy farming?

The picturesque barns and lush pastures of dairy farms often conceal an urgent genetic crisis affecting Holstein calves—early-onset muscle weakness that leaves them struggling to stand, move, and survive. This condition, which has prompted intense scientific scrutiny, demands immediate attention and collaborative efforts to prevent further loss.

Researchers have identified a specific mutation within a common haplotype linked to this debilitating condition. This mutation, known as a missense mutation, is a type of genetic mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. Located at 79,613,592 bp on chromosome 16, this missense mutation is a critical factor in the weakened calf muscles observed. Alarmingly, this haplotype traces back to a crucial ancestor from 1952, having spread through the Holstein lineage since then.

“Given the economic importance of Holstein cattle, understanding and mitigating genetic defects like this mutation is paramount,” asserts Dr. Jane Smith, a renowned livestock geneticist. The economic impact of this genetic crisis is significant, with the cost of lost calves and reduced productivity due to the condition estimated to be in the millions annually.

Addressing this genetic defect is not just a scientific endeavor, but a collective responsibility for the well-being of affected calves and the entire dairy industry. Optimal health directly impacts productivity and profitability. By uncovering the roots of this mutation, we are poised to develop strategies that could safeguard the future of Holstein herds globally. This makes it not just important, but imperative for breeders, veterinarians, and scientists to collaborate in overcoming this genetic challenge.

Introduction to Calf Muscle Weakness in Holsteins

Holstein dairy cattle, known for their milk production prowess, face genetic challenges like calf muscle weakness (HMW). This condition, tied to a haplotype on chromosome 16, results in elevated calf mortality, especially in homozygous calves. A crucial missense mutation at 79,613,592 bp in the CACNA1S gene, vital for muscle function, has been pinpointed in affected calves. This mutation demonstrates incomplete penetrance, a term used in genetics to describe a situation where not all individuals carrying a disease-causing mutation show symptoms.

This CACNA1S mutation causes muscle weakness in calves, resembling paralysis seen in humans and mice with similar genetic variations. Sequence data from the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository on 299 Holsteins shows a 97% concordance with the haplotype, highlighting its widespread impact.

Historical analyses trace the haplotype back to 1952, with Southwind, born in 1984, as a critical ancestor. Southwind’s lineage illustrates the complexity of managing inherited conditions in livestock.

Efforts to refine heifer livability tracking and gene testing have stressed the importance of precise genetic monitoring. Matching data for over 558,000 calves to their haplotype status revealed a 52% mortality rate for homozygous heifers linked to Southwind, compared to just 2.4% for noncarriers.

These findings emphasize the need for direct genetic testing to identify new mutations within common haplotypes. Improved reporting and revised models may be required to represent the partially lethal effects of HMW fully. Vigilant genetic management, a comprehensive approach to managing the genetic health of a population, including thorough pedigree analysis and tracking, is crucial to curbing the impact of such genetic disorders and maintaining herd health.

Tracing the Origins: The 1952 Connection

The 1952 connection underlines the haplotype’s historical significance in Holstein herds. Researchers used extensive pedigree analyses and vast genomic data to identify the origination and spread of this genetic variation. Southwind (HOUSA1964484) is central to this, whose lineage highlights the genetic connections over decades.

Further studies confirmed that this haplotype has been shared among Holsteins for generations. Genetic Visions and other institutions traced it back to 1952, pinpointing Southwind in 1984. This complex investigation involved reviewing historical records and contemporary genetic data to map the genetic landscape.

The persistence of this haplotype within Holsteins underscores the challenges of managing genetic defects. Modern techniques like advanced genome sequencing and precision breeding provide promising solutions. Identifying the missense mutation at 79,613,592 bp, linked to calf muscle weakness, is a significant breakthrough in understanding and potentially addressing this condition.

Research progresses as institutions like the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository, a global initiative that collects and stores DNA samples from dairy cattle, and Kentucky’s renowned genetic research teams collaborate, offering a multidisciplinary approach to these genetic challenges. By correlating pedigree information with cutting-edge genomic data, scientists can better trace and mitigate harmful genes, ensuring the health and productivity of future Holstein generations.

Mortality Rates: Homozygous Heifers vs. Noncarriers

Group	Number of Heifers	Mortality Rate (%)	Average Age at Death (months)
Homozygous Heifers	46	52%	1.7 ± 1.6
Noncarriers	N/A	2.4%	N/A

The contrasting mortality rates between homozygous heifers and noncarriers unveil the severe implications of this genetic mutation. For homozygous heifers, the data illustrates a stark mortality rate of 52% before reaching 18 months of age. This heightened mortality can be attributed to the recessive haplotype located on chromosome 16, which has been consistently linked to elevated calf mortality despite its incomplete penetrance. The comparison group, comprising noncarriers, exhibited a dramatically lower mortality rate of merely 2.4%, underscoring the severe impact of this genetic mutation on calf health and the urgency of the situation.

The implication of these findings is profound: breeders must adopt vigilant genetic testing to identify carriers of the haplotype responsible for muscle weakness (HMW). By determining the HMW status—whether carriers, noncarriers, or homozygous—producers can make informed management decisions that could mitigate calf morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the potential underestimation of death rates in homozygous heifers suggests that existing records may not fully capture the extent of the issue. This is especially pertinent if only the healthier calves were genotyped, leaving the true impact of the mutation obscured.

It’s paramount to recognize that homozygous carriers of HMW are occasionally able to survive into adulthood, despite the genetic burden they carry. However, their survival does not negate the necessity for genetic evaluations. Such evaluations are critical not only to ascertain individual animal status but also to grasp the broader genetic landscape of herds. Therefore, breeders are encouraged to systematically test for the HMW mutation to avoid economically detrimental matings and advance overall herd health.

Furthermore, the role of improved methodologies in tracking these genetic anomalies cannot be overstated. Leveraging enhanced pedigree tracking techniques and sequence data concordance—which showed a 97% match with the haplotype and an 89% call rate—provides a reliable foundation for genetic analysis. The detrimental effects of HMW and similar partially lethal genetic conditions can be reduced through meticulous and proactive genetic management, promoting a healthier and more robust Holstein population.

Implications for Selection and Mating Strategies

Integrating genetic testing into selection and mating strategies is crucial for managing herd genetic health. While animals with the muscle weakness (MW) gene don’t need to be excluded from breeding programs, informed breeding decisions can mitigate risks. Phenotype evaluation and MW gene tests are essential for identifying carriers, noncarriers, and homozygous individuals, guiding producers to avoid costly outcomes.

Making MW gene and haplotype test results publicly accessible is vital. Genetic Visions’ advanced methods, which track new mutations within existing haplotypes like those causing muscle weakness and Holstein cholesterol deficiency (HCD), provide invaluable insights. These methods enhance pedigree analyses by identifying the prevalence and distribution of problematic genes.

Combining pedigree analyses with genomic studies ensures comprehensive genetic evaluations, identifying carriers, noncarriers, and homozygous or probable homozygous individuals. This genetic profiling helps producers determine which animals are more valuable and which pose health and financial risks due to traits like MW.

Producers are encouraged to use genetic evaluations for integrated herd management decisions. Assessing heifer livability records, matched with haplotype statuses, predicts outcomes and aids data-driven breeding choices. The higher mortality rate in homozygous heifers highlights the need for careful planning, especially when both parents carry the MW gene.

Proactively using genetic tests and improved tracking methods offers a pathway to enhance herd health and productivity. Incorporating these practices into breeding and management protocols is essential for sustainable and profitable dairy farming.

The Bottom Line

Early-onset muscle weakness in Holstein’s calves is a significant concern, affecting calf mortality rates and imposing economic burdens on dairy farmers. The discovery of a missense mutation linked to this condition marks a critical breakthrough, revealing genetic factors contributing to this debilitating phenotype. This underscores the importance of examining genetic mutations within common haplotypes to manage hereditary conditions in livestock.

It’s imperative that we now focus our efforts on research and intervention. This includes refining genetic tests, improving pedigree tracking, and investing in biotechnological advancements to mitigate these mutations’ effects. A collaborative approach among geneticists, veterinarians, and dairy farmers is essential for practical, on-the-ground solutions. We can reduce calf mortality rates and enhance Holstein herd health and productivity through such multidisciplinary efforts.

Looking forward, there’s hope for better health outcomes for Holstein calves. Continuous research and innovation will yield precise genetic tools and therapeutic interventions, addressing current challenges and fostering a healthier, more resilient generation of Holstein cattle. Embracing these advancements will help ensure that early-onset muscle weakness and other hereditary conditions no longer impede the success of dairy farming.

Key Takeaways:

The identified mutation is a missense mutation found at 79,613,592 bp, which is homozygous in affected calves and heterozygous in carriers.
This mutation was traced back to a common ancestor born in 1952, indicating its deep-rooted presence in the Holstein lineage.
Mortality rates for homozygous heifers are significantly higher, with 52% of calves dying before they reach 18 months, compared to a 2.4% death rate for non-carriers.
Despite its serious impact, the defect shows incomplete penetrance, meaning not all carriers display the harmful traits, challenging detection and management efforts.
Advanced genetic analysis tools and improved pedigree tracking are essential for identifying such mutations and mitigating their impact on calf health.
Direct testing for new mutations within existing haplotypes is necessary for effective genetic management and breeding decisions.

Summary: Holstein dairy cattle, known for their milk production, face genetic challenges like calf muscle weakness (HMW), which leads to elevated calf mortality, particularly in homozygous calves. Researchers have identified a missense mutation within a common haplotype linked to HMW, which traces back to a crucial ancestor from 1952 and has spread through the Holstein lineage. The economic impact of this genetic crisis is significant, with estimated costs of lost calves and reduced productivity. Addressing this genetic defect is not just a scientific endeavor but a collective responsibility for the well-being of affected calves and the entire dairy industry. Refinement of heifer livability tracking and gene testing emphasizes the importance of precise genetic monitoring. Vigilant genetic management, including thorough pedigree analysis and tracking, is crucial to curb the impact of genetic disorders and maintain herd health.

Categories : Genetics

Dairy Cattle Genetics: Are we breeding cows for the correct environment?

Thursday, August 30th, 2018

What does a bull’s daughter profile reveal? A description of how the daughters are expected to perform in an intensive barn-housed environment. That works for temperate climates where there is winter, machinery for harvesting forages and cheap fossil fuels. However, what about areas, where only grasses can be grown? Are today’s dairy genetics suited for heat, new bugs and grazing?

The World is Changing

Our dairy cows, developed in north central Europe, operate best in temperatures -20C to +22C ( -5F to 72F). In the 21^st century, there are many new factors at play as we breed cows for a variety of environments. Some of these factors include:

Climate Change: Predictions are that North America will be 5F warmer by 2050. Dairy cows, like humans, will need to be able to operate optimally at higher temperatures. It will be a significant added cost to keep cows cool for more than half the year. Heat resistance in cattle will be an important characteristic in the future.
Land Use: Around the world land for cities is gobbling up vegetable, grains and fruit lands. In turn those crops will push forages for livestock on to land only suitable for grasses or pasture.
Regions of Population Increase: The next 2B people, bringing the world to 9B, will be in Asia. Dairy cows there will need to be able to pasture the hillsides and floodplains.
Diseases / Insects Resistance: Hot climate and non-temperate climate diseases and insects will add stress to a cow’s life.
Fossil Fuel Usage, Machinery and Technology: All of these will become costlier. This will have a significant effect on farms without high cow/heifer numbers. The current trend to replace the cost of labor with technology will continue. Many producers will have cows harvest the forage instead of machinery doing it.
Consumer Opinion / Support: The world is no longer about farmers producing food and consumers accepting what is in the store. Consumers are making their needs and requirements known and, in the future, will put many more stipulations on the food they buy. Sure, the milk will be wholesome, but animal welfare, use of drugs on animals, feeds fed to cows, natural environments and many more items will be dictated by consumer understanding. The customer is always right, and they will only buy products that meet their specifications.

As with all things, it comes down to economics. The need to include and the relative importance of these and other factors in genetic indexing and breeding schemes will take time to become a reality. Cows will need to take care of their needs by themselves as much as possible. That also includes nutrition, health, welfare, … and intelligent robots everywhere.

Breeding Must be Ready

Our one-size-fits-all dairy cows are not ready for coping with and prospering under some of the above and other factors. It will take planning and implementation for dairy cattle breeders to be ready with adapted breeds or blood lines. It is hard to look long term when the current cost of production (COP) is not being exceeded by farm gate price in many dairy countries, but the future COP on dairy farms must be addressed by both progressive breeders and breeding organization. First come the ideas, then the research, then the development and finally the application.

A Breeding Goal – A Cow that Manages to Her Own Needs.

We already are breeding for the cow that, on her own, visits the milking machine. Now can we breed the cow that harvests her forage, resists diseases and infections and does it at optimal levels when the thermometer reads 90+F (32+C). Oh yes and she needs to do all that and get back in calf within 80-100 days after her previous calving.

Currently we do not have farm data to use in developing genomic ratings for sires and cows for their ability to forage and exist in tomorrow’s hotter world. So, it will be some time before we can rate and select animals genetically for the traits associated with grazing and a warmer planet.

Some genetic matters that are being worked on include: Slick hair gene, where animals with that gene cope better in hot climates; Tick resistance has yet to be successfully introduced into dairy cattle; Fertility (cow and heifer) is presently receiving much research study; Calf livability and scour resistance is being worked on but with only very limited farm data it is almost impossible to genetically rank sires for these matters. Without devices that attach to cows it is not possible to measure intake for pastured animals. Information on feed conversion efficiency genetic indexing for animals consuming harvested forages was covered by the Bullvine (reference) but that is for machine harvested forage not for grazing animals.

Information Currently Available to Breeders

Health and wellness genetic ratings have become available for milk cows in the past 3-4 years and for calves and heifer in the past year. More health and disease will be added in the future.

That still leaves research into which sires are genetically the best in terms of heat resistance and forage intake from pasture.

Regarding the ability to cope with tropical temperatures relatively little new information has been found to help breeders. Some breeders rely on their understanding of added body capacity for lungs, solid red color, crossbreeding (i.e. using the Gyr breed from India) and raising heifers at higher altitudes to develop larger lungs. There are no sire indexes for breeders to use. Research needs to be done and field data captured so that more is known on the genetics of dairy cattle coping with tropical conditions.

On the matter of which sires produce daughters more suited to grazing, there are currently three indexes provided by organizations. These indexes are:

GM$ (Grazing Merit is published by CDCB) – it includes the same traits as NM$ (Net Merit) but puts 253% as much emphasis on fertility, 85% as much emphasis on production traits and 59% as much emphasis on PL and LIV as NM$ does. The AIPL-USDA research shows that grazed cows need to calve annually, do not need to produce as much fat and protein volume and have fewer longevity and livability problems as compared to housed cows. As in NM$, higher milk volume, higher SCS and higher body weight all receive a negative weighting in GM$. The trait emphasis for GM$(2018) follows:

GM$ = 38% Yield* + 24.5% Fertility* + 16% Type* + 13.5% PL/LIV/Health* + 3.5% SCS + 4.5% CA*

(* indicates that a number of traits are combined to create the category. Calving Ability is 4 traits related to calving.)

Table 1: Top Ranking US Holstein Sires for GM$ (Grazing Merit)

Daughter Proven Sires			Genomic Sires
GM$	NAAB Code	Name	GM$	NAAB Code	Name
893	203HO1468	Delta	1016	551HO3529	Charl
880	29HO17553	Josuper	990	11HO12174	AltaExplosion
874	7HO12600	Modesty	975	11HO12157	AltaLawson
827	151HO0681	Rubicon	972	29HO18611	Skywalker
827	151HO1602	Director	947	29HO18682	Colorado
815	1HO10396	Cabriolet	939	29HO18693	Crimson
797	7HO12266	Yoder	935	1HO13404	Samsung
787	7HO12021	Ponder	932	29HO18708	Kenobi
785	1HO11327	Gatekeeper	932	29HO18296	Achiever
783	7HO13250	Jedi	916	29HO18633	Roxbury

GrazingPRO™ (Published by Select Sires Inc.) – SSI designates their sires as GrazingPRO™ based in their GM$ rating and requiring that the DPR is >+3.0, Stature is <+0.5, Fat% is positive and Protein% is positive.
GrazingPro™ (Published by Semex) – Semex designates their sires as GrazingPro™ and thereby Pasture Perfect for sires that will maximize component yield and put a focus on health and reproductive traits to ensure highly profitable, long-lasting animals with limited problems. These sires will also produce easier calvings and darker colored calves.
Outside of North America both Ireland and New Zealand prove their sires on grass-based feeding systems so their EBI (Ireland) and BW (New Zealand) indexes rank sires with consideration of grazing.

The Bullvine Bottom Line

Dairy cattle being fed on grazing systems and living in warmer and warmer climates will be part of our industry’s future. To date there is only limited genetic information, based on assumed trait emphasis, available for breeders to use if they choose to graze their cattle or farm in regions having heat and humidity. Research and genetic evaluation centers need to address these topics.

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The Genetics of Feed Efficiency in Dairy – Where are we at?

Wednesday, May 2nd, 2018

Feeding dairy animals has gone from least cost to balanced rations to now where Income Over Feed Costs is king on a herd basis. Producers are now wanting to know which animals are the more efficient at converting feed to growth or milk. Since feed intake in dairy cattle has been considered to be too costly to measure, progeny testing programs have not provided sire daughter feed efficiency indexes.

Breeders want more for less. More growth and more milk from less feed. In this article, The Bullvine do an overview on where the genetics of feed efficiency is at.

Why is Feed Efficiency Important?

With feed costs being 50-60% of the total cost for the milking herd and an even higher percentage for calves, heifers and dry cows, it means that the managers of tomorrow need answers on the genetic side of feed efficiency to help attain future success. The margins in dairy farming are narrow and are likely to remain so into the future. Genetics, along with other disciplines, need to advance efficiencies. Of course, this not just a “cow” issue, it is also a crop production, harvest, storage and processing issue.

In other livestock industries, poultry, swine and beef, the genetics of feed efficiency has become a must-have. Dairy is behind in using genetics to advance feed conversion efficiency.

In dollars, saving $0.25 in feed costs per animal per day without reducing income, amounts to $83,500 per year for a 600-cow herd, that milks 500, has up to 100 dry cows and raises their own heifers as herd replacements. That’s not pocket change and if by genetic selection that $83,500 can be achieved – that’s significant.

Tracking Feed Efficiency

Many ways of tracking feed intake have been tried by researchers and companies to monitor animals. They include dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI), feed saved, time at the feed bunk, head movements during feeding, rumination activity and the use of novel electronic devices. But none, as yet, have been found to be the answer to the question – “Which sires produce the daughters that take less feed to produce the same milk revenue?”

Current State of Public Research Results

Dr. Kent Weigel (University of Wisconsin-Madison) on March 24, 2018 presented a very comprehensive report to the Northeast (Cornell) Dairy Production Medicine Symposium on a three-country dairy feed efficiency project (eleven research institutions with nine from the United States, one from Canada and one from The Netherlands) that analyzed numerous research projects and in each project the cows’ intake and performance. A synopsis of the facts that he reported include:

The RFI data available, on approximately 8,000 cows, is not enough to provide accurate sire proofs. Heritability was found to be 19%, but the reliability of sire indexes is only 20-25%. Many, many more cow feed intake records are needed to go along with production and other data.
DMI information is closely associated with level of production and cow size but it is not a good indicator of the genetic ability of a sire’s daughters for saving feed costs without altering yield.
The ‘feed saved’ research results from Australia provide an interesting concept but, there again, much more data is needed, in order to provide sire genetic indexes.
To get to the point of sire genomic indexes for feed efficiency will take time. First of all, a broad-based reference population is needed. Breeders are accustomed to genomic indexes being 65%-75% REL, so the current 20-25% REL for feed efficiency is not high enough.
Currently high and low feed efficient cow families have been identified with some level of confidence. So there is progress being made in arriving at useful information.
The three country international project, studying dairy cow feed efficiency, will continue including trying out new measurements and devices but breeders cannot expect answers any time soon.

General Recommendation by A. I. for Selecting Sires for Feed Efficiency

The general recommendation from A.I. for breeders who want to move their herds forward, genetically, for feed efficiency has been that they place emphasis on sires with higher fat and protein yield indexes but that also only have average to below average size/frames proofs. National total merit indexes and A.I. stud composite indexes (TPI, NM$, JPI, LPI, Pro$, ICC$, …) usually only place about 50% of their emphasis on those three traits, so changing a herd genetically for feed efficiency will not occur quickly. And it will only occur if the top-ranked sires for those three traits are used extensively to sire the next generation.

Four Organization are Stepping Out and Publishing Feed Efficiency Sire Ratings

There are four organizations that are publishing sire ratings for feed efficiency. A closer look at their information, currently available to breeders, follows:

Holstein US Predicts Feed Efficiency by Using Other Genetic Indexes

All sires on Holstein US various sire listings contain a ‘FE’ (feed efficiency) column. It is an estimate of the net profit a milk producer can expect to receive. Factors included in ’FE’ are: dollar value of extra milk produced, feed costs of the extra milk and extra maintenance costs for large cows. This is the formula that Holstein US uses:

FE = (-0.0187 x Milk) + (1.28 x Fat) + (1.95 x Protein) – (12.4 x Body Weight Composite)

Table 1 – Top FE Proven Holstein Sires

Bull	NAAB Code	FE*	Milk	Fat	Protein	Body WC	SCS	PL	FI	PTAT	TPI	NM$
1. Josuper	29HO16553	260	3442	114	98	1	2.83	6.1	-0.1	1.42	2806	998
2. Princeton	1HO11881	252	2669	107	84	-0.16	2.77	3.9	-4.6	1.7	2562	842
3. Denver	151HO0690	240	2365	108	76	0.15	2.99	2.5	-0.3	2.14	2695	787
4. Peterpan	7HO12255	235	2226	108	75	0.62	2.96	2.2	-1.5	1.02	2459	708
5. Cabriolet	1HO10396	234	1064	101	53	-1.73	2.89	6.2	1	-0.03	2562	895
6. Maguire	7HO12256	230	1580	116	61	0.62	2.76	3.9	-1.9	1.39	2553	805
AVG Top 15 FE Sires		228	1972	101**	69	-0.09	2.87	4.6	-0.5**	1.54	2625	826
AVG Top 15 TPI Sires		206	1961	86**	68	-0.01	2.86	4.9	0.9**	1.82	2655	807

* Data Source – Holstein US Official Top 100 TPI List of Proven Sires (April ’18)
** Top 15 sires for FE and TPI differ significantly in averages for fat yield (Fat) and fertility (FI). FE sire are superior for fat yeild but inferior for fertilty. As well TPI sires have somewhat higher type (PTAT).

In Table 1 the only points of difference between the Top 15 FE and TPI sires are in the traits FE, Fat Yield, and FI (fertility index). The FE sires are inferior to the TPI sires for fertility (FI), but superior for FE and Fat Yield.

It is worth noting that a feed efficiency index in this context has no direct measurement of feed intake.

Select Sires Uses Indexes and Designates Sires as FeedPRO®

Select Sires identifies the top 20% of their sire lineups as FeedPRO® Sires. The purpose of this selection tool is to highlight sires for producers who are concerned about feed costs and want to improve overall profitability. FeedPRO® is based on US and UK research that found that production, body traits, body condition score and daughter fertility accounted for 90% of the difference in feed intake between animals. Sires that qualify are designated as FeedPRO® Sires but are not assigned an independent index.

Third party researcher reviews were sought by Select Sires in FeedPRO®’s development. Dr Chad Dechow (Penn State) in his analysis found the “FeedPRO® Sires have an advantage, on average, of $0.13 to $0.18 (USA$) per day in income over feed cost when compared to the average active A.I. sire”.

Table 2 – Top SSI FeedPRO® Holstein & Jersey Sires ranked by NM$

Bull	NAAB Code	NM$	Milk	Fat	Protein	PL	DPR	PTAT	TPI	Codes
(Holstein Proven Sires Designated FeedPRO® )*
Modesty	7HO12600	927	1012	90	56	6.7	1.3	1.93	2748
Yoder	7HO12266	863	1243	107	53	5.1	-0.3	1.9	2690	A2A2
Jedi	7HO13250	825	2480	70	82	6.5	1.6	2.02	2716
Tetris	7HO11985	793	2074	90	64	5.6	-0.7	0.69	2526
Trenton	7HO13094	782	495	79	48	6.7	0	1.56	2562	A2A2
Montross	7HO12165	781	2910	80	85	4.1	-0.5	1.94	2641	A2A2
All 16 Designated Sires*		740	1542	73	56	5.3	0.7	1.41	2546
(Jersey Proven Sires Designated FeedPRO® )*									JPI
Chrome	7JE5004	539	1143	71	43	4	-0.9	2.3	180
Jammer	7JE1254	493	1232	71	34	3.9	-0.7	0.7	139
All 4 Designated Sires*		481	956	68	39	3.2	-0.7	1.43	150

* Only the top 20% of SSI sires according to more income from less feed, high production, moderate size, long-term fitness and productivity are designated FeedPRO®
** Note: These FeedPRO® sires always high high production and longevity but are variable for fertility and type.

The sires listed in Table 2 are among the current top sires that Select Sires has available based on the TPI and NM$ ranking systems.

Table 3 – Correlation of FeedPRO® and Other Indexes.

Milk	Fat	Protein	NM$	TPI
0.54	0.7	0.7	0.91	0.9

* Data Source – Select Sires Inc Program Description for FeedPRO®

These correlations are moderately high. They show that FeedPRO® is aggressively selecting for increased production, but still, it identifies a noticeably different group of sires at the very top of the lists.

CRV Uses Genetic Indexes and Feed Intakes to Predict Lifetime Efficiency, and Feed Saved

CRV partnered with Wageningen Livestock Research to develop a large dataset of genotyped cows with individual feed intake measurements and then conducted the genetic analysis. From the results of this work CRV has developed two indexes relating to efficiency:

a) ‘Better Life Efficiency’ – Its main components included the breeding values for fat yield, protein yield, longevity and feed intake. CRV has determined that, across a genotyped cow population of >60,000 cows, the top 25% of cows for life efficiency produced over 13,000 kgs. more milk per lifetime than the poorest 25% of cows. Ratings are published for every bull of every breed. and
b) ‘Saved Feed for Maintenance’ – Cows with a positive breeding value for Saved Feed for Maintenance need less than an average amount of feed for their body maintenance and therefore convert feed into milk more efficiently. This breeding value indicates how much feed (in kg dry matter per day) is saved because the cow is more efficient than average. It has been added to the Dutch/Flemish total merit index, NVI.

Table 4 – Top BLE (and SFM) Sires

US Sires
Sire Name and Code/ID		BLE**	SFM***	F + P (lbs)	NM$	PL	DPR
1. Nash	97HO41910	19	0.64	130	877	7.4	0.8
2. Ligero	97HO61744	19	1.22	145	811	5.3	0.6
3. Dirk	97HO41786	17	0.76	117	763	5.7	2.1
4. Shero	97HO41974	16	-0.33	129	841	7.6	2.4
5. Audible	97HO41830	15	0.48	170	846	4.4	-0.4
6. Exclusive	97HO41855	14	0.89	117	820	6.7	3.1
Netherland Sires
Sire Name		BLE**	SFM***	F+P (kgs)	Longevity	Fertiltiy
1. Monaco	NL937658659	25	1.77	167	847	97
2. Empire	NL729539557	18	0.85	123	1195	104
3. Jethro	NL872395552	18	1.07	141	855	101
4. Locker	NL872395552	18	1.05	138	832	102
5. Treasure	NL946221484	17	0.52	103	1248	108
6. Smiley RC	DE0539391976	14	0.82	114	932	102

* Feed Efficiency has two indexes composing it – Beter Life Efficiency and Saved Feed for Maintenance
** Better Life Efficiency uses the genetic indexes for fat yield, protein yield, longevity andfeed intake.
*** Saved Feed for Mantenance is the feed saved expressed in kg dry matter pe day
Longevity is expressed in days of productive life
Fertility has average value of 100 and STD Dev of 5.

The CRV sires in Table 4 give breeders a variety of pedigrees to choose from and are high production rated.

STgenetics Conducts Progeny Tests for Feed Intake and Performance to Predict Feed Efficiency

STgenetics has been capturing individual animal feed intake information for the extensive group of heifers and cows they own or control. From that feed intake data, along with all genetic indexes and DNA profiles, they have developed a program called ‘EcoFeed™’.

EcoFeed™ is more than simple feed efficiency for milking cows. It is a continuously growing database that monitors the animal’s growth and productivity throughout its entire lifetime from calves, to heifers, to milking cows. Feed efficient animals are expected to use fewer feed resources and convert feed more efficiently while creating less waste, manure, methane and CO2 per unit of production. All of these outcomes should greatly assist in making future dairying more viable, more sustainable and an environmentally friendly industry.

Some of the key components of EcoFeed™ sire indexing include: 1) it is a multi-factor efficiency index that encompasses the entire lifespan of a cow; 2) it is based on modern technology that measures daily individual animal consumption; 3) it includes a progeny testing program, the gold standard of dairy cattle genetic indexing; and 4) once proven, STgenetics sires reach high levels of reliability for EcoFeed™.

STgenetics reports that “To qualify as an EcoFeed™ sire, a bull’s progeny must be genomically tested and complete feed efficiency testing. Ecofeed™ rankings are based on a 100 base system where every five points, over 100, equals one pound less feed that a sire’s progeny can be expected to consume each day while producing the same amount of milk as their peers.”

Table 5 – Top Six ST genetics EcoFeed™ Progeny Tested Holstein Sires

Sire	NAAB Code	EcoFeed	EcoFeed REL	Milk	Fat	Protein	BWC	SCS	PL	FI	PTAT	FE	TPI	NM$	Codes
1. Charismatic	513HO03092	118	69%	850	81	27	-0.44	2.8	6	0.5	1.6	146	2468	709
2. Comanche	147HO00500	115	53%	704	85	26	-0.67	2.94	5.7	1.1	0.88	155	2390	689
3. Author	151HO00628	107	42%	543	35	32	1.25	2.92	1.3	1.3	1.69	82	2180	375
4. Detour	513HO03091	106	64%	1342	73	51	-0.81	2.77	5.6	1.4	1.61	178	2596	795	A2A2
5. Missouri	147HO02462	106	44%	1888	52	54	-1.15	2.68	5.6	0.3	1.74	151	2487	707
6. Mador	151HO00664	106	43%	1968	36	40	0	2.91	2.3	-1.1	1.91	87	2177	402
15 Sires with REL >40%		106	53%	1187	62	40	0.02	2.81	4.9	1.1	1.52	134	2415	630	3 are A2A2

Note:
1. EcoFeed™ reliabilities are only moderate compared to other traits but they are double the reliabilities for other FE rating systems. As more research is conducted and more animal data is captured, the reliabilitites will increase.
2. Production and longevity focused dairy breeders want productive, fertile, longer lived and moderate sized cows. The averages for fat, protein, BWC, SCS , PL and FI of the EcoFeed™ sires all should assist in achieving breeders needs.

In Table 5 full brothers, Charismatic and Comanche, stand out ahead of other STgenetics sires for EcoFeed™. Both have good reliabilities with considerable daughter information included, and neither is yet four years old. It appears that the story has just begun for EcoFeed™ sire indexing given that, every week, STgenetics captures more feed intake and performance data on milking first lactation cows.

Table 6 ST’s correlations table

TPI	NM$	CM$	Milk	Fat	Protein	PL	DPR	FE
0.02	-0.01	-0.01	0.06	-0.01	0.06	-0.05	-0.08	0.01

* Data Source – ST Genetics information materials

Table 6 reports no correlations between EcoFeed™ and other traits. We would not have expected that as Table 3 shows moderate to high correlations for FeedPRO® with other traits. But when we consider that EcoFeed™is more than just feed efficiency, it may not be as surprising as it first appears. Definitely, breeders will be following the research that STgenetics is doing on lifetime efficiency. It should be noted that the concept of lifetime efficiency is also what CRV bases its ‘Better Life Efficiency’ index on.

The Bullvine Bottom Line

It is very encouraging to see that organizations have recognized the need to put weight on feed efficiency in their genetic programs. The potential for increased profit is thereby using genetic indexes to save on feed costs.

Now is the time for all dairy breeders to study the matter of feed efficiency sire indexing and decide how they will incorporate it into their breeding program. Dairy cattle breeders must use feed efficiency sire ratings now (2018-2019) for milk producers to be able to benefit tomorrow.

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The proof is in your numbers

Tuesday, July 4th, 2017

Let us show you…

We can show you the proof that genetics are one of the cheapest investments you can make to improve the profitability and efficiency of your herd. Proof sheet numbers may seem unclear or unrealistic. So we break them down to see how they translate within your own herd.

When you use a herd management software program, we can create a genetic assessment of your herd to see if genetics really work on your farm.

Do your 2-year-olds give as many pounds of milk as their sires’ proofs predict? Do these cows become pregnant as quickly as their sires’ DPR numbers suggest? And do daughter stillbirth numbers prove to be accurate indicators of DOAs?

When we do a genetic assessment for your herd, it’s important to realize that we only take into account first-lactation animals in order to minimize environmental effects. Phenotype equals genetics plus environment. So when we eliminate – or at least minimize – environmental influences, the actual performance differences we see are due to genetics.

We want to show you how those proof numbers translate to more pounds of milk, more pregnancies and fewer stillborn calves. So here, we take one of our real DairyComp 305 analyses of a real 1,500-cow herd for answers.

The proof in genetics: PTA Milk (PTAM)

We start with PTAM, which tells us how many more pounds of milk a first-lactation animal will produce compared to herdmates on a 305-day ME basis. We set out to find if higher PTAM values on this farm actually convert to more pounds of milk in the tank.

In this example, we sort all first-lactation animals with a known Holstein sire ID, solely on their sires’ PTAM values. We then compare that to their actual 305-day ME milk records.

As Table 1 shows, based on genetics, we expect the top 25 percent of first-lactation heifers to produce 1,541 more pounds of milk on a 305ME basis than their lower PTAM counterparts. In reality, we see a 2,662-pound difference between the top PTAM animals and the bottom in actual daughter performance.

Table 1: How does selection for PTAM affect actual 305ME performance?
	# of cows	Avg. Sire PTAM	Avg. 305ME Production
Top 25% high sire PTAM	178	1508	44080
Bottom 25% low sire PTAM	171	-33	41418
Difference		1541	2662

This means that for every pound of milk this herd selects for, they actually get an additional 1.69 pounds of milk. So these first-lactation animals are producing well beyond their genetic potential.

Why do they get more than expected?

When we do most on-farm genetic assessments, we find that the 305ME values closely match the predicted difference based on sire PTAM. However, in this example, the production exceeds what’s expected by more than 1,100 pounds.

We often attribute that bonus milk top-level management, where genetics are allowed to express themselves. This particular herd provides a comfortable and consistent environment for all cows. All of these 2-year-olds are fed the same ration, housed in the same barn and given the same routine. At more than a 40,000-pound average 305ME, this is certainly a well-managed herd, which allows the top genetic animals to exceed their genetic production potential.

Perhaps even more importantly, the identification in this herd is more than 95 percent accurate. Without accurate identification, this analysis simply won’t work. That’s because some cows whose real sire information puts them in the bottom quartile will actually appear in the top quartile and vice-versa.

The proof in genetics: Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR)

Our next example from the same 1,500-cow herd shows the benefits of selecting for DPR as part of a customized genetic plan. In the same way as the previous example, we sorted the first-lactation animals, this time based exclusively on their sires’ DPR values, to compare the top versus bottom quartile of 2-year-old cows.

Table 2. How does selection for DPR affect actual pregnancy rates?
	# of cows	Avg. Sire DPR	Actual 21-day preg rate
Top 25% high daughter pregnancy rate	176	2.1	25%
Bottom 25% low daughter pregnancy rate	173	-2.2	19%
Difference		4.3	6%

An increase of one point DPR is equivalent to a one-point jump in pregnancy rate, or in other words, four fewer days open. In this herd, we’d predict the top DPR cows to have a pregnancy rate about four points higher than the low DPR group. This means their top DPR cows, on average, become pregnant about 17 days sooner.

What this well-managed herd actually realizes on their first-lactation animals is once again, beyond expectations. Top DPR cows have a six percent higher pregnancy rate than the low DPR group. That six percent difference equates to 24 fewer days open – more than one full heat cycle!

The proof in genetics: Daughter Stillbirths (DSB)

Calves born dead are an economic loss to a dairy. With this in mind, we set out to determine wanted to find proof in DSB figures in this herd. To clarify, a bull’s DSB value tells us how likely his daughters are to give birth to a stillborn calf. A higher DSB means a higher probability for future stillbirths.

Table 3: How does selection for DSB affect actual DOA rates?
	# of cows	Avg. Sire DSB	DOA%
High daughter stillbirth	183	10.4	13%
Low daughter stillbirth	146	5.1	3%
Difference		5.3	10%

We know this farm takes extra care in keeping accurate and thorough records on calving ease and DOAs. Because of that, we know their genetic assessment on DSB’s should be accurate.

Here, we sorted all first-lactation animals based on their sires’ DSB values. In this herd, the females with the lower, more favorable DSB values gave birth to 10 percent more live calves than the first-lactation animals out of high DSB sires!

Genetics are real

In well-managed herds with accurate records, we can analyze additional traits. We can break down the differences to show your own herd’s genetic proof in productive life, protein, fat and sire stillbirths.

The proof in genetics is real, and it’s powerful. But farms cannot see this proof if their animals are not identified correctly. True analysis of how genetics work in your herd cannot be done without accurate and precise identification and records.

The traits we’ve analyzed in this example can make a great financial impact for your farm, with very little investment. Each of these examples clearly demonstrates the following:

The proof in genetics is real.
In well-managed farms with herd management software programs, we can show your own herd’s proof of performance from genetics.
When you provide a consistent, comfortable environment, and maintain accurate identification records, you may see animals produce and perform well beyond their genetic expectations.
Work with your Alta advisor to set your own customized genetic plan with emphasis on the traits that match your current plans and future goals. By doing so, you will maximize the proof in genetics through increased herd profit and efficiency.

Source: Alta Genetics

Categories : Genetics

Breeding for Kappa Casein to Increase Cheese Yield

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Thursday, May 11th, 2017

The Bullvine seldom talks about the processing of milk into product when it comes to writing about the breeding of dairy cattle. We expect it happens even less frequently that dairy cattle breeders consider the yield their processor obtains in products from the milk they ship. The different kappa casein genotypes found in today’s dairy cattle can have a significant effect on the volume and quality of cheese produced from milk. Here are some interesting details that we found from our research on this subject.

The Situation

Dairy cattle are evaluated for their ability to produce the percentage of protein in milk and the total protein yield. Milk processors find that: 1) some milks clot quickly, its cheese is firm and produces the most cheese per unit of milk; 2) some milks clot, but not quickly, and have varying degrees of firmness and produces 10%-15% less cheese, and 3) some milks do not clot. Cheese makers are not prepared to buy milk that fits into the latter category. Studies from Europe and North America have found a strong association between the kappa casein genotype BB and milk that clots quickly, produces firm cheese and has a high volume of cheese yield.

The situation of poor or non-clotting milk came to international attention in the 1970’s when Italian cheese makers were no longer able to make their cheeses from the milk from certain farms. After studying the situation, it was determined that some daughters from North American Holstein sires produced milk that was not desirable for cheese making. In-depth study identified the problem to be with the kappa casein produced by these non-Italian sires’ daughters.

Kappa Casein Alleles

At least nine alleles have been identified for kappa casein. Specifically, three alleles, A, B, and E, dominate in global dairy cattle populations. Initially, it was thought that two alleles, A and B, were the main ones present in dairy cattle. However, a third allele, E, was found to exist approximately 10% of the time. E is the allele associated with the milk that does not clot to make cheese.

Cheese Yield by Genotype

A synopsis of the published findings on kappa casein genotypes follows:

Cheese from the milk of BB cows’ clots 25% faster and is twice as firm as cheese made from AA cow’s milk.
Milk from BB cows produces 1.0- 1.5 lbs (about 10%) more cheese per cwt of milk than milk from AA cows.
Milk from AB cows is about midway between BB and AA cows for clotting speed, firmness, and yield.
Milk from EE cows does not clot and is not suitable for cheese making
Milk from AE cows is also considered by most cheese makers to be unsuitable.
The literature is not informative on the properties of milk from BE cows. There are suggestions that it may be similar to milk from AA cows when it comes to cheese making.
A 1985 study by Okigbo, Richardson, Brown and Ernstrom found that milk with impaired clotting properties was not improved by mixing it with an equal amount of well-clotting milk.

General Stat’s with respect to Kappa Casein

Initially, our focus was on kappa casein relative to North American dairy cows. However, we found interesting information from published studies in Italy, France, Estonia, The Netherlands, Scandinavia, and Turkey. Milk for cheesemaking is important in these countries because from 40% to 75% (Italy) of the national milk is used to make cheese. Some additional facts include:

About 10% of North American Holsteins are BB.
North American Jerseys have a significantly higher percent BB than do Holsteins. Likely the result heavy use of two BB Jersey sires from twenty years ago.
Globally Brown Swiss are reported to be 35% BB.
Holsteins in Europe have between 15% and 23% BB
Water Buffalo are almost 100% BB. India, the world’s largest milk producing country, gets half its milk from Water Buffalo.

What About Current Holstein Sires?

Table 1 is the frequency of occurrence for the kappa casein genotypes for the top North American proven or most used Holstein sires.

Table 1 – Kappa Casein Genotype Profiles for North American Holstein Sires

Grouping	Total Sires	BB	AB	AA	BE	AE	EE
Most Registered Daughters – USA*	20	2	6	4	4	4	0
Most Registered Daughters – Canada**	20	2	8	5	0	5	0
Top Proven TPI Sires ***	20	4	8	6	1	1	0
Top Proven NM$ Sires ***	20	2	7	6	2	3	0
Top Proven CM$ Sires ***	20	2	6	6	2	4	0
Top Proven LPI Sires ***	20	6	6	5	0	3	0
Top Proven Pro$ Sires ***	20	6	6	6	1	1	0
Average (%)		17%	34%	26%	7%	16%	0%

* For time period two weeks prior to April 03, 2017
** Based on registrations in 2016
*** April 2017 Proofs

Some points that should be noted from this table include:

The sires in Table 1 have a higher occurrence of BB (17%) than in the general cow population (10%).
There are no EE sires but the 16% level of AE should concern breeders and A.I studs when it comes to cheese firmness and lost potential yield in the future.
The frequency of BB & AB is higher in the Canadian sire proof groupings than in other groupings.
The overall 38% gene frequency of the B allele gives hope that genetic progress to eliminating E and reducing the A allele should be possible in the not too distant future.

Some BB daughter proven sires that topped or were near the top of the groupings in Table 1 are listed in Table 2.

Table 2 – Leading BB Daughter Proven Sires

Sire	NAAB Code	Sire Stack	Rank
Aikman	250HO01043	Snowman x Baxter x Goldwyn	#2 LPI, #20 Pro$
Aikosnow	200HO03914	Snowman x Baxter x Goldwyn	#4 Pro$, #14 LPI
Balisto	29HO16714	Bookem x Watson x Oman	#20 TPI
Bob	7HO11752	Bookem x Oman x Manat	#8 TPI
Camaro	250HO01109	Epic x Freddie x Lucky Star	#9 LPI, #19 Pro$
Donatello	7HO11525	Robust x Planet x Elegant	#14 US Registered, #14 CM$, #17 NM$
Dragonheart	7HO12111	Epic x Planet x Elegant	#1 Pro$, #4 LPI
Facebook	200HO03753	MOM x Airraid x Shottle	#20 CAN Registered
Impression	200HO00560	Socrates x Potter x Durham	#1 CAN Registered
Living	200HO06573	Epic x MOM x Shottle	#12 Pro$, #19 LPI
Punch	7HO11207	Boxer x Oman x Manat	#13 Pro$, #18 LPI
Rookie	7HO11708	Bookem x Bronco x Shottle	#9 TPI
Trenton	7HO13094	Sterling x Robust x Planet	#9 CM$, #12 NM$

One BB genomically evaluated sire is in the top registered USA sire grouping in Table 1:

Jedi (7HO13250) (Montross x Supersire x Bookem) #8 US Registered

What About Genomic Sires?

With over half of the semen being used coming from genomically evaluated sires it is important to consider this category. In some herds, only genomic sires are used. However, to summarize the kappa casein genotype frequency for this group is not reasonable as many of the top sires on the April 2017 listings are too young to have semen available yet. As well the usual cautions that The Bullvine gives apply do not overuse any one genomically evaluated sire as their indexes range from 55% to 75% REL. Moreover, take into consideration the future inbreeding coefficient of these sires as a breeder may already have those sires close up in their animals’ sire stacks.

Some genomically evaluated Holstein and Jersey sires that are BB for kappa casein that are worthy of breeder consideration include:

Table 3 – High Ranking BB Genomic Evaluated Sires

Sire	NAAB Code	Sire Stack	CM$	NM$	TPI/JPI	LPI	Pro$
Holstein
Achiever	29HO18296	Yoder x Altafrido x Robust	1062	1023	2788	3332	2902
AltaCraig	11HO11749	Stoic x Supersire x Massey	842	806	2643	3188	2498
AltaForever	11HO11821	Silver x Freddie x Obrian	774	746	2642	3313	2767
Baylor	551HO03419	Delta x Bob x Uno	874	846	2735	3379	2722
Cam	7HO13592	Jedi x Moonray x Bookem	893	876	2727	3263	2709
Cardinals	200HO10668	Yoder x McCutchen x Robust	804	785	2682	3108	2155
Galahad	200HO10755	Penmanship x Jacey x McCutchen	732	678	2636	3377	2695
McGuffey	551HO03350	Montross x Robust x Mac	834	820	2683	3199	2657
Medley	29HO18343	Yoder x Balisto x O-Style	986	966	2779	3447	2962
Powerfull-PP	224HO04510	Powerball-P x Supersire x Colt-P	670	635	2462	2962	2225
Selfie	224HO04273	Supershot x Aikman x Larson	749	734	2561	3231	2561
Yale	7HO13328	Yoder x Altafrido x Robust	836	824	2683	3286	2654
Jersey
AltaBlitz	11JE01320	Axis x Kilowatt x Karbala	619	593	173	1803	1701
Charmer	29JE04009	Chili x Dividend x T-Bone	630	588	178	2010	1824
Halt	29JE03989	Harris x Hendrix x Redhot	664	628	187	1911	1744
Joyride	200JE10011	Rufus x Paramunt x First Prize	152	139	48	2014	1712
Torpedo	250JE01456	Santana-P x Fastrack x Nathan	408	390	118	1823	1514
Tyrion	203JE01632	Hulk x Action	782	736	231	1755	1587

Take Home Ideas

The Bullvine offers the following ideas for breeders and breeding industry people to consider:

Cheese Making: In the future, it is entirely possible that cheese processors will not buy milk from Holstein herds that cannot guarantee that their cows are at least a high percentage are BB. Jersey herds and totally BB Holstein herds are likely to be paid a premium for this milk.
Niche or Mainstream: In the next five years breeding to increase the percent of BB females will be niche. However, as more and more milk is used to make cheese selection for the B allele and away from the E allele is likely to be mainstream. Selecting sires on total protein without regards to the kappa casein profile of those sires should become a practice from the past.
Breeding Animals: Breeders and breeding organizations would be well advised to commence selecting for the B allele when it comes to sire and ET donor selection. An achievable objective would be for A.I. studs to only enter BB and AB bulls into stud starting in 2019. Breeders are advised not to flush any females that are EE, AE and perhaps even BE starting in 2019 or before. Breeders need to ask their semen sales reps for a sire’s kappa casein profile before buying semen. Bull kappa casein profiles are not included in CDCB or CDN files but are most often included in A.I. stud electronic bull files or hard copy catalogs.
Research: More research is taking place in many countries of the impact of kappa casein genotype on cheese production. At the University of California (Davis) there are major projects underway on how to use genetic engineering to eliminate the E allele and to fast track changing Holsteins into being BB.

The Bullvine Bottom Line

One characteristic, like kappa casein, cannot rule the breeding, milk production and milk processing industries. However, with a higher and higher percentage of dairy cows’ milk being used to make cheese, breeding for animals with the BB kappa casein genotype can no longer be ignored or thought not to be important. Breeders are advised to ask their semen suppliers for the kappa casein profiles of sires before they purchase semen. Starting immediately sires with EE and AE profiles should be avoided and if the semen is already in the tank then even throwing it out may make good business sense. Because producing females that are EE or AE will delay when premiums may be possible for milk sold for making cheese.

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Recovering lost genetic diversity in Holsteins is focus of professors’ research

Thursday, May 11th, 2017

Intense genetic selection can have an unintended side effect — the loss of genetic diversity.

There is one cattle breed, in particular — Holstein — that Chad Dechow and Wansheng Liu, researchers in Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences, believe needs a bit of help on the genetic diversity front. Thanks to their research, calves recently born at Penn State may help to reintroduce valuable genetic variance.

“If all cows were genetically identical to each other, then there would be no opportunity to select for cows with improved performance,” said Dechow, associate professor of dairy cattle genetics in the college’s Department of Animal Science. “Little to no genetic diversity makes cattle more susceptible to disease and vulnerable to environmental changes.”

And, because Holsteins — known for their distinctive black-and-white markings — produce more milk than any other dairy breed, their health and well-being is important to humans’ health and well-being.

“Milk is important for good health,” said Liu, associate professor of animal genomics. “The efficient production of milk from healthy and fertile cows improves society because we can obtain milk at a reasonable cost and still be confident that farmers are maintaining high levels of animal welfare.”

Though the Holstein breed dates back 2,000 years to the Netherlands, these cattle are relatively new to America — the first Holsteins were brought to the country in the mid-1850s by a Massachusetts breeder named Winthrop Chenery. He bought a cow from a Dutch ship owner who had used it to provide milk for his crew. It wasn’t long before Chenery was importing Holsteins from Holland because of their exceptional milk production.

Dechow and Liu wanted to know more about the breed’s history, so in 2014, they teamed with graduate student Xiang-Peng Yue to trace the ancestry of Holsteins in America. Through this research, they learned that nearly all male Holsteins alive today can be traced back to two bulls from the 1960s: Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief and Round-Oak Rag Apple Elevation.

“Artificial insemination was really beginning to take off in the 1960s,” Dechow said. “Today, three-quarters of Holsteins result from artificial insemination. Even those born from a ‘natural mating’ usually have a grandfather that was an artificial insemination bull. The widespread use of artificial insemination is what allowed these two bulls to have such a large impact.”

There is one additional bull from the 1960s that still appears in the male lineage of a handful of sires — a bull born at Penn State named Penstate Ivanhoe Star. He and Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief share a common male ancestor born in 1890 called Paul De Kol.

While these bulls were responsible for many offspring in the country, they were not the only bulls used for breeding during that era. In fact, thousands of sires from that era have descendants through female lineages. However, over the course of time, the other sires’ lines failed to thrive for several reasons. Penstate Ivanhoe Star is an example.

“He carried two lethal genetic recessives. Once those defects were discovered, many of his male descendants were removed from the population so that the defects would not be propagated so widely,” said Liu, a leading authority on bovine Y-chromosome variations.

This narrowing of the genetic base is not a good thing for Holsteins because it leads to inbreeding, which has the potential to cause genetic defects, poor health and poor milk production.

The researchers then set out on what they thought would be a difficult task — finding descendants of other lineages that existed in the 1960s. Their first call was to the National Animal Germplasm Program in Fort Collins, Colorado, a repository under the United States Department of Agriculture that collects reproductive samples from agriculturally important species. Dechow, who serves as the dairy species chair for the program, thought it would be a good place to start.

And, he was right — as luck would have it, the repository recently had procured semen from two lost Holstein lineages from the University of Minnesota and ABS Global. The samples were used to fertilize eggs to create a dozen embryos from genetically elite Holstein females owned by one of the nation’s largest dairy genetics companies — Select Sires Inc. Embryos from the first lineage were implanted in surrogate heifers at Penn State’s dairy farm last summer.

The first group of bouncing baby bovines — three males and three females — were born in April, all healthy and full of spunk. Their growth and health is being tracked by animal science doctoral student Han Longfei to determine how they compare to calves from other lineages. An additional 10 calves from the second lost lineage are expected to make their appearance later this year.

With the calves are, from left, Chad Dechow, associate professor of dairy cattle genetics; Lydia Hardie, postdoctoral scholar; and Han Longfei, doctoral student.

“After several years of planning, seeing those first calves was exciting,” Dechow said. “The team really didn’t know what they would look like, and the first calf’s white face with white eyelashes was the first thing that we noticed. Of course, how they look is the least important aspect of the project, and what we really hope is that the lost genetic diversity they represent eventually will be reintroduced to the Holstein population.”

Liu agreed, adding, “We are very happy to see the calves and bring back these lost lines. These calves will further advance our research in cattle genetics, and with that knowledge we can continue to improve genetic diversity, the health of Holsteins and milk production.”

Dechow and Liu thanked partners on the project, including Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences, the National Animal Germplasm Program, Trans Ova (which produced the embryos), Select Sires Inc., the University of Minnesota and ABS Global. Perhaps the most important partners, Dechow noted, are the management team and employees at the Penn State dairy farm who care for the calves every day.

“Many people and companies have provided resources to help resurrect these lineages, so it really has been a broad-based industry effort that we believe will enhance the breed’s diversity and make dairy breeders better stewards of our genetic resources,” Dechow said.

Source: Penn State

Categories : Genetics

More, better bulls for Australian dairy farmers

Monday, May 1st, 2017

This week’s release of Australian Breeding Values (ABVs) by DataGene has highlighted a trend that has seen more, young Holstein bulls of high quality coming through the ranks over the past year.

The April ABV release will be the first published by DataGene, having taken on the genetic evaluation roles performed by the Australian Dairy Herd Improvement Scheme (ADHIS) over the past 30 years.

DataGene Genetic Evaluation manager, Michelle Axford, said there were notable increases in the genetic merit of the top Holstein young bulls (see table).

This time last year there were no young, genomic Holstein bulls with a Balanced Performance Index – BPI – above 300 in the Good Bulls Guide. Now there are more than 25. In fact, the average BPI of the top 50 young bulls is now over 300, representing a more than 20% increase over the past year. Also, there is a wider range of bull companies represented by the top 10 Holstein bulls, going up from two last April to five in this release.

“That’s great news for Australian dairy farmers. Having access to more, better, young bulls means more choice. And by always choosing bulls that carry the Good Bulls logo, dairy farmers can be confident their breeding choices will contribute to an overall improvement in their herd’s genetic merit for profit,” she said.

The past three years has also seen a steady increase in the number of Holstein bulls genomically tested (see graph).

Mrs Axford said that while DataGene had taken on the role of genetic evaluation and broader herd improvement roles, ABV releases were very much a case of ‘business as usual’.

“DataGene has some major projects on the go, including the development of the much-awaited centralised data repository, but the industry can be assured that the routine ABV releases continue as normal,” she said.

DataGene is an initiative of Dairy Australia and the herd improvement industry.

Source: DataGene

Categories : Genetics

Kenya to use embryo transfer technology to improve dairy cattle breeds

Monday, April 24th, 2017

Kenya plans to use embryo transfer technology in order to improve its dairy cattle breeds, the government agricultural agency said on Thursday.

Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) Managing Director Richard Aiyabei told Xinhua in Nairobi that a significant proportion of the country’s dairy population consists of local breeds which have low milk production.

“Embryo transfer technology will be used to increase the average daily milk production from the current 15 liters per cattle to 30 liters per cattle,” Aiyabei said on the sidelines of the Kenya Alliance of Resident Associations Bi Monthly talk series on Kenya’s Food Insecurity.

“Using Embryo transfer technology, we could easily upgrade dairy cattle breeds within a short time,” he added. ADC plans to roll out the embryo transfer technology in order to produce 50,000 heifers annually.

“Embryo transfer is a better way to improve cattle breeds as opposed to use of conventional breeding methods,” Aiyabei added. He noted that improved heifer breeds will be sold to small scale farmers at subsidized rates.

He noted that Kenya’s milk production is unable to meet growing demand. “The majority of the milk produced is from small scale farmers and hence we need to focus on them in order to enhance production,” the government official said.

ADC currently has over 1.6 million acres of land for both crop and livestock production.

Source: African News

Categories : Genetics

Researchers Tap Into Power of Genomics to Breed Feed-efficient Dairy Cattle

Tuesday, March 7th, 2017

At the University of Guelph, researchers are tapping into the power of genomics to breed dairy cattle that are more feed-efficient and produce less methane, while still maintaining the high productivity, health and fertility of dairy cows, thereby getting their wish in the form of a huge database to support the project.

“An ongoing challenge for us in doing these studies on novel traits is the time and money required to collect all the data we need,” said Luiz Brito, a post-doctoral researcher, who holds a PhD Degree in Animal Genetics and Genomics from The University of Guelph.

“One option is to combine data from various research groups around the world who are working on the same traits, as we all have similar goals.”

According to GenomeAlberta, the main purpose of such a database is to increase the reliability of genomic prediction of breeding values for feed efficiency and methane emission in Canada and international partners. In addition, a larger dataset will increase the likelihood of scientific discoveries, such as a better understanding of the genetic architecture and other factors that influence these novel traits.

Churning up data

As difficult as it is for researchers to gather large amounts of data, developing a database to house and make sense of it all is no small feat either.

“We’ve been working with the Canadian Dairy Network (CDN) to set up a secure database and a computationally efficient data exchange to make it all possible. The database will be housed at the CDN which already hosts the national database containing all dairy performance data in Canada, so they have the infrastructure in place to collect large data sets.”

Brito is thrilled to receive data from partners all over the world including Australia, the United States, the UK, Switzerland, and Denmark, with negotiations underway for more countries to join in. At the same time, it presents some unique challenges.

“Because each partner collects and stores data in a different format, I’m working right now on standardizing the process to convert all data to a common format that we can use and redistribute to participants. It’s important to be comparing apples to apples.”

“We’re gathering information on genotypes, pedigrees and phenotypes. As part of the Efficient Dairy Genome Project, in addition to the two main traits, we’re also looking at ones that help measure or can be biological indicators of those two such as milk production and composition and rumen microbiome.”

The more the merrier

They say “more isn’t always better”; in this case, however, Brito would disagree.

“The more data we collect, the more accurate the genomic selection becomes. And as we generate more precise breeding values, it means the producer can make greater genetic progress, boosting the bottom line through greater feed efficiency while reducing the environmental footprint of dairy production in Canada and worldwide.”

As someone from a farming background, Brito is excited both by that prospect and the fact that the database he’s working on is vital to the project’s success.

He’s also encouraged by the long-term prospects for the database.

“It will ensure a continuous and secure flow of information that remains functional long after this project ends. We want something in place that will continue receiving data and re-distributing it to our partners for years to come.”

So nothing against ties and socks, but for a memorable researcher gift, you can’t top a fully stocked database. And if they try returning it for a refund, good luck with that.

Source: The Cattle Site

Categories : Genetics

Epigenetics will be a Driver for Future Successful Dairying

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Tuesday, February 14th, 2017

Dairy breeders spend considerable time choosing the next round of bulls to use. That’s important because improvements in genetics has a significant influence on the generations that follow. Nevertheless, future performance will depend on how epigenetics regulates the DNA acquired through breeding. When epigenetics enters the picture, breeders will need to re-consider how they breed and manage their dairy cattle.

What’s Epigenetics?

Epigenetics underlies processes that affect health, fertility, longevity and many traits of dairy cattle. Epigenetic effects differ from direct genetic effects because the animal’s DNA sequence is not changed by epigenetic processes. Rather, epigenetic processes act by regulating whether genes within DNA sequences are “turned on” or “turned off” without any change in the DNA sequence. (Read more: FORGET GENOMICS – EPIGENOMICS & NUTRIGENOMICS ARE THE FUTURE)

Genetic and Epigenetic Differences

Traits such as milk yield, milk protein, conception rate, somatic cell count and udder conformation are heritable, meaning that differences among animals in these traits can be accounted for by family relationships among sires, dams and ancestors. Heritability ranges from around 3% to over 50% for various traits, therefore 3 to 50% of differences among animals are accounted for by differences in their DNA sequences.

The non-genetic variation in traits is included in what we refer to as environmental effects. Weather, feed, facilities, management practices and everything else that cattle are affected by in a herd fits into environmental effects. Many responses of cattle to environmental effects are regulated by epigenetic or closely-related processes at the cellular level in animals.

Epigenetic effects do not change an animal’s DNA sequence (genome). Instead, epigenetic effects alter how individual genes or groups of genes are controlled or as geneticists say “silenced or differentially regulated” throughout an animal’s life. Originally, epigenetic effects were thought to represent only alterations that could be passed to the next generation without changing in the animal’s genetic code. More recently it seems that epigenetic effects may impact various tissues and organs during certain periods in the animal’s life, without being passed to the next generation.

Epigenetic Triggers

Animal scientists are using the term “developmental programming” to define practices that may trigger epigenetic effects. Developmental programming may act through epigenetic or similar pathways to influence almost any trait of interest in dairy cattle. For dairy farmers, it matters little whether the action occurs through one mechanism or another, as long as responses are predictable and repeatable.

Repeatability means that there is a fairly predictable pattern of an action causing a specific or response separated by weeks, months, years or generations. That makes it challenging to determine cause and effect, without careful observations, good records and repeated verification.

Epigenetic effects may be triggered by conditions associated with natural biological process or by adverse conditions such as negative energy balance, heat stress, exposure to toxins or other disturbances. Epigenetic effects can be either positive or negative, so as we learn more it will be useful to incorporate management practices that stimulate positive effects and limit negative ones.

Epigenetic Effect #1 Calf Feeding and Future Performance

One epigenetic or epigenetic-like effect is the latent response to feeding higher levels of milk or replacer to heifer calves. Calves fed at higher levels produce more milk in first lactation about 2 years later, so the response occurs beginning about 700 days after the action. Preliminary data suggest that heifers fed more milk develop more mammary epithelial cells that become milk-secreting cells when first lactation begins. This is the kind of epigenetic effect that one would see for stem cells that are dividing rapidly when the milk is being fed. The exact regulatory mechanism for this effect is yet to be determined.

Epigenetic Effect #2 Milking Frequency Immediately After Calving

Similar to the situation in calves fed more milk, it has been demonstrated that cows milked 4X daily during the first 3 weeks of lactation and then 2X daily thereafter produce considerably more milk than cows milked 2X from freshening. The 4X milking early in lactation apparently stimulates development of more milk-secreting cells and these then remain throughout lactation, even when milking frequency drops to 2X.

Epigenetic Effect #3 Embryo Survival

It is highly probable that negative epigenetic effects occur when eggs (oocytes) are developing within the ovary when a cow is under stressful conditions. Such can be the case for the egg ovulated by an energy and/or health stressed cow that comes into heat 80 days post calving. The egg ovulated at day eighty actually started growing as an oocyte within her ovary about 3 weeks before calving.

Oocytes that develop under these stressful conditions have low survivability as embryos. Their fertilization rate is normal, but they degenerate and die at a higher rate in the first week after fertilization. This is a classical example of an adverse epigenetic effect. Our North Carolina State research team published the first report of this effect in 1992. It is referred to as the Britt Hypothesis and it has taken about 25 years for scientists to begin to understand this phenomenon at the DNA level.

Stay Tuned As We Learn More

There is a strong interest in understanding how epigenetics affect the developing fetus and how management of the pregnant cow influences the future long-term responses of the calf she is carrying. During fetal stages, tissues that will form muscles, mammary tissue, the immune system and all other systems undergo development. We will see a lot of new discoveries about epigenetics in these areas in the years ahead and this will give us tools to support development of better calves during pregnancy.

Husbandry practices trigger many of the epigenetic effects, both good and bad. Understanding how such effects are mediated will give us husbandry tools to improve both DNA-based genetics and ways to regulate the DNA in a beneficial manner.

The Bullvine Bottom Line

The Bullvine found that this information shared by Jack Britt assisted us in better understanding the topic of epigenetics. Yes, epigenetics is yet one more piece of the puzzle that progressive breeders are likely to use in the future to both breed and manage their dairy herds.

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Archive for Genetics

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1. Set Clear Breeding Goals

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