Archive for heifer management

From No Farm to 65,000 Head: How Dairy Leader Nic Schoenberger Earned YDLI’s Distinguished Alumni Leader Award

From a Florida parlor to a 65,000-head Kansas ranch, Nic Schoenberger is proof that in dairy, the mission is bigger than the herd.

Executive Summary: Nic Schoenberger didn’t grow up on a family dairy, but a Florida Holstein herd, a Dairy Science degree from the University of Florida, and years working on Wisconsin farms drew him into the heart of the dairy community. His leadership path deepened through the Holstein Foundation’s Young Dairy Leaders Institute, where a mission statement he wrote years ago now mirrors the way he serves farms and neighbors today. With his wife, Christine, and her brother, Mike, he helped Shuler Dairy grow from roughly 230 to 700 cows before the family exited milking in 2021 and continued cropping the land, keeping their connection to local agriculture. Today, Nic and Christine are partners in Kansas Dairy Development near Deerfield, Kansas, a calf ranch and heifer development operation raising about 65,000 head for around 70 client dairies in 14 states, with expansion toward 75,000 head, and they operate a Wisconsin calf depot that serves 23 clients and links family farms to that heifer program. Beyond the barn, Nic’s involvement with Farm Wisconsin Discovery Center and Miracle League of the Lakeshore reflects his commitment to opening doors between agriculture and the wider community and making sure every kid has a place to belong. In recognition of this blend of dairy leadership, community connection, and long-term impact, he has been named the 2026 Young Dairy Leaders Institute Distinguished Alumni Leader, to be honored during YDLI Class 14 Phase I in Dallas.

While many outlets are sharing the award headline, we wanted to look at what Nic Schoenberger’s story says about where dairy leadership, heifer management, and community are headed.

Nic Schoenberger YDLI Award

I can’t shake the picture of that folded piece of paper.

It had been riding along with Nic Schoenberger for years—tucked away after a Young Dairy Leaders Institute session, forgotten in the rush of chores, moves, and decisions. It was his personal mission statement, scribbled down when the Holstein Foundation’s YDLI program pushed a room full of dairy people to think past the next milk cheque and write out what they really hoped their lives in this business would be about.

When he finally pulled it back out, before anyone called about a plaque or a banquet, he saw it with fresh eyes. The work he was doing. The people around him. The places he’d said “yes” and the ones he’d had to leave behind. Somehow, it all lined up with what he’d written that day.

Not long after that, Holstein Foundation named him the 2026 Young Dairy Leaders Institute Distinguished Alumni Leader. It didn’t feel like the start of something. It felt like someone quietly saying, “We see what you’ve been building—with a whole lot of other people—all this time.”

This isn’t just Nic’s story. It’s a story about families, employees, vets, feed reps, volunteers, and neighbors whose fingerprints are on barns, depots, classrooms, and ballfields across a long stretch of dairy country.

When a Florida Farm Opened the Gate

The moment dairy really got under Nic’s skin didn’t happen on a farm with his name on the mailbox. It happened at McMullen Dairy Farm in Florida, where he got his first real taste of Holsteins and the rhythm of a working dairy.

You know the kind of place I’m talking about: the parlor humming awake before sunrise, the shuffle of cows finding their spots, the mix of steam and silage in the air. That’s where dairy stopped being an idea and started being a life he could picture for himself.

That pull carried him to the University of Florida to study Dairy Science. He didn’t just park in a classroom and take notes. He spent time around the university dairy, with professors and extension folks who cared about taking research back to real barns, and with classmates and staff who could talk mastitis, margins, and milk checks in the same conversation.

Then he headed north to Wisconsin. Those first years were the kind that don’t usually make headlines. He worked on other people’s farms, side by side with families and crews who were already deep into their own stories—helping manage fresh cows, walking pens, pitching in wherever he was needed.

He watched:

  • Owners walking the line between herd health and loan payments.
  • Vets and nutritionists who knew the cows and the people because they’d been coming up those lanes for years.
  • Milkers, feeders, and herdsmen who could spot a cow off feed from across the pen and keep the whole thing from going sideways.

Those barns became classrooms of their own. They showed him what quiet strength looks like when it’s holding up not just a farm, but a community.

Dairy Leadership, YDLI, and a Wider Circle

Standing in a hotel meeting room with a name tag on your chest, being told to write a personal mission statement, isn’t exactly most farmers’ idea of a good time.

When Nic joined Class 4 of the Young Dairy Leaders Institute, he stepped into that space with a mix of curiosity and “what did I get myself into?” YDLI is a three‑phase dairy leadership and communication program run by Holstein Foundation as part of the Holstein Association USA family. It gathers young adults from across the dairy world—farmers, co‑op staff, breed association reps, industry folks—and asks them to do hard things: face mock media interviews, speak to consumers, and look honestly at their own leadership habits.

At one point, each participant is asked to write down a personal mission statement. Not for the farm. For themselves.

Nic did that. He put on paper what he hoped his life in dairy would be about—how he wanted to serve, lead, and stay connected—then he folded the paper and went back to the barns and meetings and long days like the rest of us.

Years later, before any award emails landed in his inbox, he picked that paper up again. Looking at his journey—from Florida to Wisconsin, from working for others to joining a family dairy, from local barns to multi‑state heifer work—he realized those words had quietly taken shape in real life. In his own words, that mission “has come true,” not in a glossy, straight line, but in a way that felt honest and earned.

The other thing YDLI gave him was people.

Classmates became sounding boards and friends. Alumni spread out across the U.S., Canada, and Puerto Rico stayed in touch. Some ended up running family dairies. Some moved into co‑ops and processors. Some took on roles in breed associations or youth programs linked to Holstein Association USA. They swapped ideas, compared scars, and reminded each other that good leadership in dairy isn’t about making noise—it’s about showing up for your herd and your community, day after day.

So when you hear “Distinguished Alumni Leader,” don’t picture a spotlight and a speech. Picture a long string of conversations, favors, late‑night calls, and decisions where those mission‑statement words kept nudging him toward work that mattered to people beyond his own lane.

A Family Dairy, a Growing Herd, and a Changing Role

If you’ve ever watched a family dairy climb and then have to change direction, you know those stories are complicated and heavy and hopeful all at the same time.

In 2004, Nic and his wife Christine stepped into Shuler Dairy in Wisconsin, the farm where she grew up. Her brother Mike was there too. Together with their families and a group of employees, they helped grow the herd from around 230 cows to roughly 700.

Growth like that doesn’t come from a line in a business plan. It comes from:

  • Family members saying, “Yeah, I’ll take that on” when new responsibilities arise.
  • Employees learning new routes, new routines, and how to keep more cows healthy without burning themselves out.
  • Vets and nutritionists helping reshape transition and repro programs for a bigger herd.
  • Neighbors living with more truck traffic, more lights on late, and more movement on the road—and often still waving when they pass.

For years, Shuler Dairy was one of those farms where the glow from the barns, early and late, told the community that cows were being milked and that someone’s whole life was wrapped up in that work.

Then came 2021.

Public reports say the Shuler family exited the dairy business that year and stepped away from milking. Anyone who’s been close to a decision like that knows it’s not something you take lightly. It changes daily schedules, family rhythms, and how the place feels when you pull into the yard.

But the land didn’t go quiet.

The family kept farming the fields around the former dairy. Corn, hay, and other crops still came off those acres. The feed trucks still rolled. The lane that used to bring cows to the parlor stayed part of the local agricultural heartbeat, even if it sounded different now.

People on that road saw a dairy herd disappear. But they also saw that the family and the land stayed part of the bigger farming picture.

Heifer Management on a Big Canvas: Kansas Dairy Development

If the Shuler chapter is about a home herd changing shape, the next part of Nic and Christine’s story zooms way out.

They’re also partners in Kansas Dairy Development—KDD—a calf ranch and heifer development operation near Deerfield, Kansas. It’s the kind of place you hear about at meetings when folks start talking about heifer management and specialization.

On any given day:

  • Around 70 dairy customers from 14 different states have calves and heifers there.
  • Roughly 65,000 head call KDD home while they grow, with expansion underway toward about 75,000 head on a 1,600‑acre footprint.
  • Those animals come from a mix of family and larger herds in states like Kansas, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, South Dakota, Iowa, Florida, Georgia, and Minnesota.

Behind each load of calves rolling into that yard is a team back home:

  • Families who’ve decided, after a lot of conversation, that trusting someone else with their replacements is the best way to use their own land and labor.
  • Employees who can spend more of their time on milking cows, managing fresh animals, and keeping repro strong.
  • Local vets and nutritionists who coordinate with KDD’s professionals so that the heifers come back ready to fit into the herd’s existing programs.

At KDD itself, it takes another community to make it all work. Calf‑barn crews are watching intakes and bedding. Heifer managers are tracking groups and growth. Veterinarians and nutritionists are fine‑tuning health and rations. Maintenance and office staff keep the place running and the records straight.

KDD’s CEO, Jason Shamburg, has put it simply: dairies are outstanding at making milk, and KDD is a “temporary home” for calves and heifers in a region where the dry climate, steady breezes, and soil types fit large‑scale youngstock housing. It’s one way to let milking herds focus on what they do best while a partner specializes in raising replacements.

Those relationships are built on ongoing conversations—sharing health information, growth data, and breeding status so that heifers head home as bred springers, ready to join the milking string. When those trucks roll out of Kansas, they’re carrying more than animals. They’re carrying the combined effort of people in two different communities who’ve decided to tackle this part of the job together.

A Wisconsin Depot, a Familiar Lane, and a New Job

Back in Wisconsin, not far from the old Shuler Dairy lane, another piece of the puzzle fits into place.

Nic and Christine own a calf depot there that picks up calves from 23 clients across the region. It’s the kind of operation that doesn’t make big headlines, but it matters a lot to the families who use it.

On a shipping day, you can picture it:

  • Farm staff at each place making sure calves are tagged, fed, and ready when the trailer arrives.
  • Drivers who know which lanes turn muddy, which corners need a little extra caution, and which dogs always chase the truck.
  • Calves from different herds arriving at the depot, getting grouped and checked for the longer trip.

From that yard, loads head west toward Kansas. The same road that used to see the Shuler herd moving to and from the parlor now sees calves from dozens of family dairies moving toward their time at KDD.

The fields around the site still grow feed. The lane still matters. It’s just serving a different piece of the dairy chain now.

It’s a quiet example of how a farm that no longer milks cows can stay woven into the wider dairy community—acting as a bridge between local barns and a large heifer development center. And it’s not just about Nic and Christine. It’s about the drivers, the farm crews, and the local suppliers whose everyday work keeps that bridge open.

Why Some Farms Don’t Raise Every Heifer at Home

Ask a group of dairy producers over coffee how they handle heifers, and you’ll hear a whole spectrum.

Some will say, “Every heifer stays here. That’s just how we do it.” Others will say, “We finally admitted we couldn’t keep doing it all under one set of roofs, and we’re better for it.”

The reasons aren’t mysterious. They come up again and again:

  • Land: Acres are precious. The ground that used to support cows, calves, and heifers now has to stretch farther. Some farms decide their best acres should go into feed and cows, not more buildings.
  • Labor: Good people are hard to find and harder to keep. When your crew is already stretched between the parlor, calf pens, and fields, adding bigger heifer groups can push everyone past what’s sustainable.
  • Facilities: Older barns weren’t built for today’s replacement numbers or animal‑care standards. Neighbors and zoning boards don’t always welcome new heifer barns, even when they’re well‑planned.
  • Weather and disease pressure: In some regions, mud and humidity wear youngstock down. In others, deep cold and wind test calves and heifers, no matter how much you invest in shelter.

For some herds, the best answer is still to raise every heifer at home and do it well. For others, the math and the reality on the ground point toward partnering with a custom heifer grower—letting their home farm focus on milking cows and fresh‑cow health while someone else specializes in replacements.

Those decisions usually involve more than one kitchen‑table talk:

  • Families sit down and ask, “What can we honestly carry?”
  • Vets and nutritionists lay out what the current heifer program is delivering—and where it’s falling short.
  • Lenders and advisors help map out the costs, risks, and potential payoffs of different paths.
  • Neighbors and peers share stories about what worked for them and what they’d never do again.

Nic and Christine’s connection with KDD and the Wisconsin depot is one example of how those choices can look when they’re built on clear expectations and shared responsibility. It doesn’t set a “right way” for everyone. It just shows how farms in different regions lean on each other to keep their herds strong.

And even if a farm finds a heifer plan that fits, the bigger questions don’t disappear—questions about markets, succession, mental health, and how to hold onto good people when the work is heavy and the clock never really stops.

Opening Doors: How Farm Wisconsin Changes the Conversation

There’s another side to this story that doesn’t involve TMRs or breeding targets.

Near Manitowoc, Wisconsin, the Farm Wisconsin Discovery Center stands as a front door between dairy and the wider world. It’s an interactive agricultural education center with about 10,000 square feet of hands‑on exhibits, a birthing barn where visitors can see calves entering the world, and tours that take school groups and families out to a working dairy.

From the beginning, farmers, educators, and local supporters worked together to make sure what’s inside those walls looks like today’s agriculture—not a postcard from 50 years ago. Nic is one of the dairy people who’s contributed time and experience there, alongside many others who care deeply about how this story gets told.

You can imagine the scene: a busload of kids climbing off, some from town, some from cities far away. A few have scraped boots. Others are standing next to a calf for the first time. Parents and teachers carry questions—about how cows live, what they eat, and what happens when they’re sick.

Inside the center, exhibits explain soil and feed, and milk processing in ways kids can touch and see. In the birthing barn, people get a chance (if the timing works) to watch a calf be born. On the farm tours, someone from the dairy community walks them through barns and parlors, fielding questions that range from “how much does she eat?” to “do the cows like it here?”

In 2019, TIME for Kids named Farm Wisconsin one of the World’s 50 Coolest Places. That honour didn’t rest on one person; it fell to a whole network of board members, staff, volunteers, and farm families who believed that opening the doors like that would change how their neighbors saw them.

For the dairy community around Manitowoc, it’s one more way to build trust. When folks who’ve toured Farm Wisconsin drive past a freestall or a bunker, they’re more likely to see people and purpose—not just concrete and metal.

A Ballfield Where Everyone Belongs

A different kind of field draws people together a few miles away.

At the Miracle League of the Lakeshore in Manitowoc, kids with disabilities play baseball on an accessible field built so everyone can be part of the game. It’s the kind of place where the sound of cheers matters more than the numbers on the scoreboard.

Nic is one of many volunteers who help support that league, alongside parents, buddies, coaches, and community members from all sorts of backgrounds. On a game night, you’ll see players rolling or running up to the plate with a buddy at their side, families cheering for every swing, and volunteers from farms, local businesses, and the town all working together so each inning goes smoothly.

Those evenings don’t make milk checks bigger or repair labor shortages. But they do something else that matters a lot in a farm community. They remind people that their neighbors’ lives are bigger than their job titles. They remind dairy folks who are used to being “the farm family” in every conversation that they’re also just part of a town that wants every kid to have a chance to belong.

For farmers and farm employees who spend most days counting dollars and liters and hours of sleep, a night at that ballfield can feel like a reset. A reminder that they’re more than their production numbers—and that their community sees them as more than that, too.

What This Story Offers to Other Farms and Communities

Every farm town has its own history. Every family has its own pile of joys and scars. Not many will trace the exact path from a Florida dairy to a Wisconsin family farm to a Kansas heifer development center and back to a Miracle League field.

But there are threads here that can run through just about any community.

1. Take a little time to write down where you hope you’re headed.
You don’t need a conference badge to do what YDLI pushed Nic to do. One quiet night, after chores and supper, sit down at the table and write a few lines about what you hope your work, your family, and your place in the community will look like 10 or 20 years from now. It doesn’t have to be fancy. It just has to be honest. Years from now, you might look back and see how much those words shaped the choices you made.

2. Let someone you trust look over your heifer plan.
Whether every heifer stays on your farm or you’re already sending some out, it’s worth asking, “Is this still the best fit for us?” Bring your vet, your nutritionist, your lender, or a neighbor you respect into that conversation. Talk through land, labor, health, and cost. You might walk away feeling more confident about what you’re doing—or you might spot a change that gives your people and your cows a little more breathing room.

3. Pick one place beyond your own lane to plug in.
For Nic, that’s Farm Wisconsin and Miracle League. For you, it might be:

  • Helping a 4‑H dairy club at the fair.
  • Serving on a co‑op or processor committee.
  • Saying “yes” when the school calls and asks if you’ll talk about cows to a classroom.
  • Volunteering at a local fundraiser, church supper, or community event.

It doesn’t have to be huge. Showing up regularly, even in small ways, changes how your community sees agriculture—and how you feel seen by them.

4. Talk with your own crew about “why,” not just “what.”
In between talk about SCC, milk price, and planting dates, try asking, “What do you think we’re really trying to build here—for us and for this community?” The answers might be rough. They might surprise you. But hearing each other’s “why” can strengthen your team in ways no new piece of equipment ever will.

5. Notice who’s already building bridges—and see how you can help.
Every area has its “bridge builders”—people who connect farms, organize tours, support kids, or quietly keep an eye on neighbors who are struggling. It might be someone running a local farm safety day, a mental health night, a youth show, or a food drive. Ask yourself: who’s doing that kind of work where you live? And what simple thing could you do to make their load a little lighter?

Community & Legacy: What This Means for All of Us

When you step back and look at Nic and Christine’s story—the Florida dairy that gave him his first shot, the family operation in Wisconsin that grew and then changed, the heifer work at KDD and the Wisconsin depot, the Discovery Center doors, the Miracle League field—you don’t just see a list of jobs.

You see how one life in dairy can thread through many communities. And how many communities, in turn, can shape one life.

There are the barns that took a chance on a young guy from Florida. The employees, family, vets, and advisors who helped grow a herd and then walked through the hard choice to let the cows go. The client herds and crews that trust a calf ranch in Kansas with their youngstock. The volunteers and staff who open farm doors at Farm Wisconsin and open the gate at Miracle League so every kid can step onto the field.

Most dairy folks will recognize pieces of themselves in there somewhere:

  • In the long push to grow, and the tough conversations when growth can’t go on forever.
  • In the land that keeps producing long after a parlor goes quiet.
  • In weighing what work belongs on your own place and what might be better done with a partner’s help.
  • In the evenings spent in community halls, arenas, school gyms, and fairgrounds that never show up on a milk cheque but matter deeply to the life of your town.

Not every farm will work with a big heifer ranch, build a discovery center, or volunteer at a Miracle League field. But every farm has chances—big and small—to invest in people, accept help when it’s needed, and be part of keeping their roads, churches, arenas, and kitchens full of life.

In the end, that’s the heart of this Distinguished Alumni Leader’s story. Dairy isn’t just about animals and acres. It’s about how we keep showing up for each other—through changes, hard calls, and everyday work—to keep both our herds and our communities going, one truckload, one meeting, and one small act of help at a time.

Key Takeaways 

  • 2026 YDLI Distinguished Alumni Leader: Nic Schoenberger, who didn’t grow up on a family dairy, has been named Holstein Foundation’s top YDLI alumni honoree for his leadership across farms, heifer management, and community service.
  • 65,000 head and growing: As partners in Kansas Dairy Development near Deerfield, Kansas, Nic and Christine help raise about 65,000 head for roughly 70 client dairies in 14 states, with plans to expand to 75,000 head.
  • A bridge for family farms: Their Wisconsin calf depot serves 23 clients, connecting local dairies to KDD’s heifer program and showing how regional partnerships let farms focus on what they do best.
  • Community beyond the barn: Nic’s involvement with Farm Wisconsin Discovery Center and Miracle League of the Lakeshore reflects a commitment to opening doors between agriculture and the wider public—and making sure every kid has a place to belong.
  • The real takeaway: Dairy leadership grows through trust, relationships, and steady service—not overnight success, but years of showing up for your herd, your partners, and your community.

Editor’s note: This story draws on public coverage of Nic Schoenberger’s work with Shuler Dairy, Kansas Dairy Development, Farm Wisconsin Discovery Center, and Miracle League of the Lakeshore. We’ve connected those dots to explore what his journey means for dairy families and communities everywhere.

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$3,010 Replacement Heifers Changed Everything: Why Getting 10 More Pregnant Just Became Your Most Profitable Decision

Heifers aren’t small cows—that 36-hour timing difference is worth $3,900 annually on 200 head

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The convergence of $3,010 replacement heifers and 20-year inventory lows has transformed heifer reproduction from routine management to a critical profit center. University research confirms what progressive producers are discovering: heifers develop dominant follicles 24-36 hours faster than lactating cows, requiring fundamentally different breeding protocols. Dr. Albert De Vries from the University of Florida calculates that every 1% improvement in 21-day pregnancy rate delivers $25 per cow annually—but for heifers, where you’re not losing milk production during extended days open, the value comes from reduced feed costs and accelerated genetic progress. Operations adjusting their AI timing to 60-66 hours post-CIDR removal (instead of the traditional 72 hours for cows) are seeing conception rates climb from 40% to 50% or higher, resulting in $2,800-$ 3,900 in annual savings for a modest 200-heifer program. With CoBank projecting no inventory recovery until 2027 and NAAB reporting an 18% surge in sexed semen sales, the message is clear: farms that respect the unique biology of heifers—rather than treating them as small cows—are positioning themselves to thrive when others struggle to find replacements. The tools and knowledge exist today; the only question is how quickly each operation can adapt to capture these gains.

The dairy industry is experiencing a fundamental shift in heifer reproduction management. With replacement values exceeding $3,000 and inventories at historic lows, every breeding decision carries unprecedented economic weight.

And here’s what’s interesting—this transformation isn’t just about economics. It’s building on what we’ve learned about heifer biology over the past few years, combined with the harsh reality of today’s replacement market.

The Biological Divide: Why Heifers Aren’t Just Small Cows

At the heart of this shift is a simple biological truth: heifers channel energy toward growth, while mature cows direct metabolic resources toward milk production. This distinction drives every aspect of their reproductive physiology.

Dr. Paul Fricke from the University of Wisconsin’s Department of Dairy Science has been emphasizing this in his extension presentations for years. As Dr. Matt Lucy at the University of Missouri puts it: “A heifer’s energy is going toward growth, not milk production. That fundamentally changes how she responds to reproductive interventions.”

What I find compelling is how this metabolic difference shows up in measurable ways. Research confirms heifers develop dominant follicles 24 to 36 hours faster than lactating cows—and you know, those hours matter when you’re trying to hit that breeding window. Studies show heifer conception rates can reach 50% or higher under optimal management, but achieving “optimal” means respecting their unique biology.

University research reveals another piece of the puzzle. In mature cows, a single prostaglandin treatment typically achieves complete luteolysis of 90% or better. But in heifers? Data suggests it’s more like 65-70%. That incomplete regression… it’s been quietly undermining our success rates industry-wide, hasn’t it?

Dr. Joe Dalton from the University of Idaho, who serves on the Dairy Cattle Reproduction Council’s protocol committee, summarizes what many of us have been thinking: “We’re finally understanding that heifers need their own playbook, not just a scaled-down version of what works for cows.”

A Quick Look at the Key Differences

Looking at the research, here’s how these physiological differences break down:

AspectHeifersMature Cows
Metabolic PriorityEnergy toward skeletal/muscle growthEnergy toward milk synthesis
Follicular DevelopmentDominant follicle 24-36 hours earlierStandard timing patterns
Prostaglandin Response65-70% complete luteolysis90%+ complete response
Heat Stress ImpactBetter conception maintenanceSignificant decline due to lactation heat
Optimal AI Timing (CIDR)60-66 hours post-removal72 hours post-removal
GnRH Dose ResponseOften better with adjusted dosesStandard 150 mcg is typically used

Economic Imperatives Driving Change

Extension economists from Penn State report heifer rearing costs ranging from $2,000 to $2,800 per head. Dr. Heather Weeks from Penn State Extension breaks it down this way: feed accounts for about 60% of costs, labor 10%, with housing, health, and breeding expenses making up the remainder.

But here’s where it gets really compelling. CoBank’s analysis indicates that dairy heifer inventories have reached a 20-year low, with projections suggesting another 800,000 head reduction over the next two years. Recovery? Not expected until 2027. And when replacement heifers hit $3,010 per head this past July… well, every pregnancy matters more than ever.

Dr. Albert De Vries from the University of Florida has done some interesting economic modeling on this: “Every 1% improvement in 21-day pregnancy rate is worth approximately $25 per cow per year. For heifers, where you’re not losing milk production during extended days open, the value comes from reduced rearing costs and faster genetic progress.”

“Every 1% improvement in 21-day pregnancy rate is worth approximately $25 per cow per year. For heifers, where you’re not losing milk production during extended days open, the value comes from reduced rearing costs and faster genetic progress.” – Dr. Albert De Vries, University of Florida

5 Quick Protocol Wins for Better Heifer Conception

Before diving into the detailed economics, here are immediate adjustments that can improve your heifer program:

  1. Timing is everything: Switch to 60-66 hour AI timing after CIDR removal (not 72 hours)
  2. Double-check PGF response: Consider two prostaglandin treatments 14 days apart for better luteolysis
  3. Watch your GnRH dose: Research suggests adjusting doses for heifers may improve response
  4. Pre-synch matters: Add a prostaglandin treatment 14 days before starting your breeding protocol
  5. Records reveal patterns: Track conception by service number, not just overall pregnancy rates

ROI Analysis: Making the Numbers Work

Let me walk through a realistic scenario based on current feed costs and industry averages. Say you’re running 200 heifers annually and improve second-service conception rates from 40% to 50%:

Estimated Direct Cost Savings:

  • Feed costs avoided: 20 additional pregnancies × 21 days × $3-4/day = $1,260-1,680
  • Labor reduction: 20 fewer cycles × handling time = $150-200
  • Semen savings: 20 fewer straws × $20-30 = $400-600

Potential Revenue Gains:

  • Earlier lactation (10-14 days): $1,000-1,400 lifetime value

Total Estimated Annual Impact: $2,800-3,900

These estimates are based on typical operations; your actual numbers may vary. But even conservative calculations show meaningful returns.

Global Insights Informing Local Solutions

What’s encouraging is how research from different systems worldwide is helping us better understand heifer reproduction. AgriHealth’s New Zealand studies show that properly synchronized heifers in seasonal systems conceive about 11 days earlier on average—and that translates to real milk in the tank regardless of your calving pattern.

Research at various institutions continues exploring CIDR protocol modifications. Studies suggest that optimizing timing for heifer-specific physiology can lead to meaningful improvements in pregnancy rates, though results vary by system and management.

Heat stress research reveals an interesting advantage for heifers—they generally maintain conception rates better than lactating cows during thermal stress, partly because they’re not dealing with the metabolic heat burden of milk production.

Looking beyond North America, European intensive systems have been exploring different approaches. Dutch operations, for instance, often achieve strong results with their highly standardized protocols, whereas Brazilian operations, which deal with tropical conditions, have adapted protocols for year-round heat stress management.

Regional Adaptations Across North America

Different regions are finding approaches that work for their specific conditions:

Many Upper Midwest operations report success through precise protocol timing, particularly that 60-66 hour AI window after CIDR removal. The cooler climate for much of the year certainly helps with conception rates as well.

Down in the Southeast, heat stress management becomes critical. Operations increasingly recognize that cooling systems for heifers—whether shade, fans, or sprinklers—have become essential for maintaining summer reproduction.

California operations, dealing with unique environmental regulations and housing systems, often find that intensive management of smaller heifer groups yields better results than large-pen standardized protocols.

And in the Northeast, where many operations are smaller and more labor-intensive, combining visual heat detection with simplified synchronization protocols often aligns better with management style.

Implementation Strategies by Scale

Here’s what generally works at different operation sizes:

Small Operations (50-200 heifers): These farms often have the advantage of closer animal observation. Even basic improvements in timing and protocol compliance can yield meaningful results. Dr. Carlos Risco, who spent over 25 years at the University of Florida before becoming dean of Oklahoma State’s veterinary college, often emphasized that regular veterinary involvement—even just monthly visits focused on the heifer program—typically pays for itself through improved reproductive outcomes.

Mid-Size Operations (200-800 heifers): This scale often offers the best return potential. You’re big enough that small percentage improvements multiply into real dollars, but not so large that implementation becomes unwieldy. A 5% conception improvement on 500 heifers? That’s 25 additional pregnancies at today’s values.

Large Operations (800+ heifers): At this scale, systematic approaches become essential. It’s not just about conception rates—it’s about creating predictable, repeatable processes that reduce labor while improving outcomes. Small inefficiencies compound quickly when you’re dealing with these numbers.

Custom Heifer Raisers: These operations face unique pressures in managing animals from multiple sources. Industry consultants often note that consistency across diverse genetics matters more than peak performance on specific bloodlines—a protocol that works reasonably well across all genetics is more effective than one that excels in some and fails in others.

Technology Integration: Finding What Works

Research suggests that activity monitoring systems can significantly improve heat detection rates compared to visual observation alone. But honestly? I’ve seen numerous operations achieve excellent results with chalk, tail paint, and good observation.

Dr. Jeffrey Stevenson from Kansas State University, who’s done extensive protocol research, often reminds producers that the best protocol is the one you can execute consistently—not necessarily the most sophisticated on paper.

What matters is having a system you’ll actually use. Some farms thrive with high-tech monitoring. Others do better with traditional methods executed well. There’s no shame in either approach.

Emerging technologies, like in-line milk progesterone testing and automated heat detection through image analysis, are showing promise in research settings. However, for most operations, the fundamentals still matter most: consistent protocol execution, accurate record-keeping, and attention to detail.

Industry Trends Reshaping Reproduction

The latest NAAB report tells us where the industry’s heading:

  • Gender-sorted semen sales: 9.9 million units (up nearly 18%)
  • Additional sexed semen used: 1.5 million units year-over-year
  • Beef semen in dairy herds: 7.9 million units (holding steady)
  • Total bovine semen sales: 69 million units (up 4%)

And you know what’s driving this? Economics. Wisconsin market reports show that beef-cross calves consistently bring premiums of $200-$400 over Holstein bull calves. When beef-cross calves sell for over $1,000 and Holstein bulls bring $700-1,075, being strategic about which heifers produce replacements and which get beef semen changes the whole equation.

The genomic revolution is adding another layer to this. Operations using genomic testing to identify their best heifers for replacements can be more strategic with sexed semen use, maximizing genetic progress while managing inventory costs.

Critical Protocol Adjustments

Research from Wisconsin and other universities suggests specific heifer modifications that make a real difference:

  • 7-day CIDR insertion protocols tend to work well
  • Prostaglandin at CIDR removal (day 7)
  • AI timing: 60-66 hours post-removal works better than the 72 hours typically used in cows

Dr. Richard Pursley from Michigan State, who developed the original Ovsynch protocol, has done extensive work on GnRH optimization. Research suggests that adjusting GnRH doses for heifers versus cows may improve results—it’s these small adjustments that can shift outcomes from mediocre to excellent.

Some operations are also finding success with modified pre-synchronization approaches. Adding a prostaglandin treatment 14 days before starting the breeding protocol can help ensure more heifers are at the right stage of their cycle when you begin.

Environmental Considerations and Sustainability

Here’s something that doesn’t get discussed enough: improved heifer reproduction also has environmental benefits. When heifers calve earlier and have longer productive lives, you’re reducing the carbon footprint per unit of milk produced. With sustainability becoming a bigger factor in milk pricing and consumer perception, this matters more than ever.

Operations achieving higher conception rates require fewer replacement animals overall, resulting in less feed, less manure, and less methane per gallon of milk sold. It’s a win for both the bottom line and environmental stewardship.

Looking Forward: What This Means for Tomorrow’s Dairy

Dr. Milo Wiltbank from Wisconsin, after decades studying bovine reproduction, observes that we’re entering an era where precision management—tailoring protocols to specific animal groups—will increasingly separate profitable operations from those just getting by.

With heifer inventories at 20-year lows and CoBank projecting no recovery until 2027, getting reproduction right isn’t optional anymore. The combination of biological understanding, economic pressure, and better breeding tools creates both challenges and opportunities.

What’s interesting is that success doesn’t require revolutionary technology or expensive interventions. It’s about understanding heifer biology, applying protocols consistently, and making strategic breeding decisions. The 18% jump in sexed semen usage tells us the industry’s already moving this direction.

Looking ahead, the integration of precision livestock farming tools—from automated weight monitoring to real-time health tracking—will likely make heifer management even more precise. But the fundamental principle remains: heifers aren’t small cows, and managing them as such leaves money on the table.

Operations that recognize heifers as metabolically distinct animals—not small cows—and adjust accordingly will capture significant advantages. Those sticking with one-size-fits-all approaches… well, the economics are getting tougher every year.

The fundamental lesson here is pretty straightforward: sometimes the most valuable improvements come from applying what we already know more precisely. Heifers have different needs than cows because they’re growing, not lactating. Respect those differences through tailored protocols, and reproduction shifts from a persistent challenge to a competitive advantage.

And maybe that’s what this whole shift is really about—not discovering something entirely new, but finally applying what the biology has been telling us all along. The operations that listen to that message and adapt their management accordingly? They’re the ones positioned to thrive in tomorrow’s dairy industry.

As we face tighter margins and higher replacement costs, the difference between average and excellent heifer reproduction might just be the difference between surviving and thriving. The tools are available, the science is clear, and the economics are compelling. The only question now is how quickly each operation can adapt to this new reality.

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

  • Timing adjustment delivers 10% conception boost: Switch from 72-hour to 60-66 hour AI timing after CIDR removal—Wisconsin research shows this simple change alone can improve pregnancy rates by 5-10 percentage points, worth approximately $73.50 per heifer per avoided cycle
  • Double your prostaglandin effectiveness: Heifers achieve only 65-70% complete luteolysis with single treatment versus 90%+ in cows—adding a second PGF shot 14 days before breeding protocol starts ensures more heifers respond properly
  • Scale determines strategy, not technology: Small farms (50-200 head) profit most from improved observation and monthly vet checks; mid-size operations (200-800) see best ROI from protocol refinement; large operations (800+) need systematic approaches that reduce labor while improving outcomes
  • Beef-cross premiums change the equation: With Wisconsin markets showing $200-400 premiums for beef-cross calves over Holstein bulls, using sexed semen on your best heifers and beef on the rest maximizes both genetic progress and cash flow—explaining why sexed semen sales jumped 18% in 2024
  • Regional adaptations matter more than ever: Southeast operations must prioritize cooling systems for summer breeding; Upper Midwest farms can focus on protocol precision; California’s environmental regulations favor intensive small-group management—what works in one region might fail in another

Complete references and supporting documentation are available upon request by contacting the editorial team at editor@thebullvine.com.

Learn More:

  • Replacement Economics: Why Raising Your Heifers Just Became Profitable Again – This article provides a comprehensive economic analysis of the current market, using specific USDA and Canadian data to show why the “buy vs. raise” equation has flipped. It delivers a deeper dive into the cost breakdown of home-raised heifers versus market prices, helping producers make a strategic financial decision.
  • The Heifer Shortage: Crisis and Opportunity – This piece expands on the market forces driving the heifer shortage, including a look at why the beef-on-dairy trend, while profitable for cash flow, is creating a long-term supply problem for replacements. It offers strategic planning and risk management advice for navigating a future of high-priced heifers.
  • 6 Game-Changing ID Technologies Every North American Dairy Farm Needs Now – This article explores how technology can support and enhance a heifer management strategy. It moves beyond basic reproduction to discuss how advanced ID systems, like smart boluses and camera-based monitoring, can provide the precise data needed to optimize a heifer program, offering a clear ROI on tech adoption.

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The New Dairy Playbook: 5 Trends Redefining Profitability in 2025

What if I told you tweaking your heifer strategy could add thousands to your bottom line this year?

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The dairy industry in 2025 is different. Replacement heifers are scarce — farms are keeping an extra 600,000 cows, which means feed costs go up by $150 per cow annually. However—and this is crucial—genomic testing advances have increased butterfat and protein values by up to 90%, resulting in an additional 35 to 45 cents per hundredweight. Add in the shake-up in milk pricing and the beef-on-dairy boom, and you’re looking at a market that rewards smart, data-driven moves. Global processors are investing billions, which means component premiums are likely to increase by 50 to 150 cents per hundredweight soon. So if you’re still guessing on genetics, pricing, or herd management, you’re leaving serious money on the table. The evidence, from USDA reports and Penn State Extension research, is clear: this year, you should get strategic with genomic testing and feed efficiency upgrades, starting now.

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

  • Heifer Scarcity: High replacement prices ($3,500-$4,500) force retention of less efficient older cows, creating an economic trade-off
  • Component Genetics: Genomic advances increase butterfat and protein by 70-90%, adding 35-45 cents per 0.1% butterfat in premiums
  • Strategic Beef-on-Dairy: Now 1/3 of inseminations, this strategy boosts income with high-value calves but requires careful management to protect the future replacement herd

In 2025, the dairy industry isn’t just changing—it’s being fundamentally rewritten. A convergence of market forces is reshaping profitability, from the genetics in the tank to the final milk check. A historically tight replacement heifer market, relentless genetic gains in components, transformative milk pricing adjustments, and the strategic rise of beef-on-dairy are creating a new economic landscape. Coupled with massive new processing investments, these trends present both significant challenges and unprecedented opportunities for producers who are prepared to adapt.

1. Heifer Scarcity Forces a Culling Conundrum

First, the tight replacement heifer market is forcing difficult decisions across the country. Farms are holding onto more cows than usual—about 600,000 more since last fall, as per Hoard’s Dairyman. USDA figures confirm replacement heifer inventories are at their lowest in over 20 years, with fewer than 4 million heifers nationwide. Producers from Wisconsin to California report grappling with extended culling intervals as older cows cannot match the production of fresh animals, but current economics make it a necessary compromise.

This strategy results in a loss of approximately $150 per cow annually in feed efficiency, corresponding to a 2-3% reduction in feed conversion. However, with replacement heifers commanding prices from $3,500 to over $4,500 depending on the region, the math often favors retention. USDA Regional Market Reports for Wisconsin and California contextualize these price ranges, illustrating significant market nuances driven by differences in feed and labor costs, particularly between the Corn Belt and the Pacific Northwest.

Mitigating these efficiency losses has led many operations to embrace technology. Automated feeders and robotic milking systems are reported to save $120 to $180 per cow annually on feed costs. While the upfront investment can exceed $250,000 for a medium-sized farm, the payback period typically ranges from five to seven years. This adoption trend is accelerating, particularly among larger herds.

2. Component-Driven Genetics: The New Profit Engine

Simultaneously, genetic advancements are creating new revenue opportunities through higher milk components. The upward trend in butterfat and protein is no coincidence. U.S. averages have climbed to over 4.3% butterfat and 3.3% protein, a substantial increase from five years prior. This growth stems from the widespread adoption of genomic testing, which has been established since 2017.

Penn State’s Dr. Chad Dechow reports genomic breeding values for butterfat have increased roughly 70 to 90 percent since 2020, with protein improvements closely following. These genetic gains translate to an additional 35 to 45 cents per hundredweight for every 0.1% increase in butterfat—real dollars on the milk check.

3. The New FMMO Pricing Reality

Compounding these genetic shifts are the mid-2025 reforms to the Federal Milk Marketing Order. The USDA adjusted make allowances to reflect better modern processing costs, along with changes to Class I differentials. This resulted in a 85- to 90-cent-per-hundredweight drop in the all-milk price for many producers. Yet, premium payments for higher butterfat and protein content help offset some of the impact.

Farms operating on narrow margins or carrying significant debt must closely monitor their cash flow, particularly with agricultural lending rates near 7%.

4. Beef-on-Dairy: From Side Hustle to Strategic Income

Beef-on-dairy breeding has evolved from a side play to a core revenue stream. Nearly one-third of inseminations used beef semen last year, producing calves that command premiums above $900 in some markets.

However, experts at the University of Wisconsin Extension advise a cautious, strategic approach. Overusing beef semen risks reducing replacement heifer inventories by up to 20% over the next few years. The recommended strategy targets beef crosses on low-producing cows, while protecting top-tier genetic females.

5. Processing Investments Driving Component Demand

The dairy sector has seen over $8 billion committed to new processing plants, including Walmart’s $350 million Texas facility, Fairlife’s $650 million New York plant, and Chobani’s $1.2 billion expansion. These facilities focus on cheese and specialty products that require higher-quality milk components.

Industry analysts predict that component premiums could surge by 50 to 150 cents per hundredweight as these plants reach full capacity by 2027.

The Overarching Factor: Margin Management

Feed costs represent 50 to 60 percent of dairy farm expenses. With 74 percent of the 2025 corn crop rated good to excellent, projected moderation in feed prices makes protecting income over feed cost (IOFC) even more critical. Income over feed cost peaked near $16 per hundredweight last fall, making careful ration management and technological adoption essential strategies for margin improvement.

For producers managing herds of 500 or more, no one-size-fits-all management exists. Success demands balancing heifer management amidst scarcity, exploiting genetic gains to maximize premiums, strategically deploying beef-on-dairy without compromising replacements, and aligning milk supply with processors who value component-rich milk.

Regional conditions matter significantly; practices successful in Wisconsin’s pastures might be less practical in California’s dry lots or labor-scarce regions. Staying informed on nuanced local market and management factors is essential to navigating this new profitability landscape.

Those who master these complexities and develop strong processor relationships will define profitable dairy farming in the coming decade.

Complete references and supporting documentation are available upon request by contacting the editorial team at editor@thebullvine.com.

Learn More:

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How to Ensure Your Dairy Heifers Thrive in Freezing Temperatures

Prepare your heifers for winter by learning simple tips on housing, nutrition, and water. Is your herd ready for the cold?

Summary:

As winter’s chill blankets farmlands, the often-overlooked cold stress on young dairy heifers becomes a central concern for dairy farmers. These seasoned guardians must reassess management practices to protect their post-weaned and calving-age heifers from the harsh realities of colder months. A multifaceted approach is essential, incorporating adequate housing, meticulous bedding, robust nutritional plans, and unwavering access to water. Suitable measures, such as dry, adequately bedded pens, proper ventilation systems, energy-rich and nutritionally balanced diets, and solutions for unfrozen water supply, are key in safeguarding heifers from cold stress. These strategies shield them from harm and propel them toward realizing their genetic potential as future productive herd members, ensuring they survive and thrive through the winter.

Key Takeaways:

  • Monitor weather conditions closely, focusing on maintaining heifer body temperature to prevent energy diversion away from growth and development.
  • Ensure consistent clean, dry, and absorbent bedding to keep heifers warm and dry during colder months.
  • Implement effective housing strategies that balance adequate air exchange with protection against drafts to prevent respiratory diseases.
  • Collaborate with nutritionists to adjust heifer diets, ensuring they meet the energy needs required for growth during winter.
  • Regularly check water availability, preventing freezing in troughs to maintain hydration and support feed intake.
  • Use natural or manmade windbreaks to reduce wind chill for heifers housed outdoors.
dairy farmers, heifer management, cold stress, bedding quality, nutritional needs, respiratory issues, tube ventilation, heated water troughs, innovative solutions, advanced housing designs

As winter draws near, dairy farmers often focus on battling heat stress. However, cold stress is a serious and often overlooked issue for dairy heifers, especially those between post-weaning and calving. Unlike older cows, younger heifers are more vulnerable. Cold can harm their growth and health. This article highlights why we need to rethink seasonal challenges in dairy farming. We urge professionals to recognize the hidden threat of cold stress. By raising awareness and taking proactive steps, farmers can help their heifers survive and thrive in winter, leading to a healthier and more profitable herd year-round.

Cold Stress: The Silent Saboteur of Young Heifers’ Growth and Development

Cold stress is a hidden threat in dairy farming that uniquely affects young heifers, especially in cold weather. Unlike adult cows, young heifers struggle to maintain their body temperature when the weather turns freezing. This struggle begins when their natural body heat isn’t enough, forcing their bodies to work much harder to stay warm. 

The impact of cold stress on young heifers is profound. These animals should be using their energy to grow, but instead, they’re using it to fight off the cold. It’s like removing essential materials from a building site – growth slows down, and development can halt, putting their future productivity at risk. 

In this situation, every bit of energy is essential. The energy that should be turned into muscle, bone, and blood—vital for growth—keeps the animals warm. Heifers might not grow as they should and could mature later than expected. 

Dairy farmers play a pivotal role in managing this challenge. They are responsible for ensuring the survival and optimal growth of these young animals, as they represent the future of the herd.

Guardians of Warmth: Heifer Housing and Bedding as the First Line of Defense

Taking good care of heifer housing and bedding is key to reducing cold stress, which can slow growth and harm health. A heifer’s ability to handle cold weather relies heavily on her environment; therefore, dry, well-bedded pens aren’t just for comfort—they’re essential. These pens should be kept clean and dry and have enough bedding to provide warmth. 

Simple tests, like the knee test, are practical ways to check bedding quality. Farmers can tell if the bedding is dry enough by kneeling in different parts of the pen for 10-15 seconds. If the knees stay dry and clean, the bedding is good; if not, it’s a clear sign that fresh bedding is needed. 

Preventing respiratory issues is crucial, in addition to keeping bedding dry. Heifer spaces need enough air circulation to prevent respiratory problems. Air must move around to prevent harmful germs without causing drafts. Installing systems like tube ventilation can boost airflow while avoiding drafts, ensuring heifers stay warm and healthy. These housing and bedding practices aren’t just tips; they’re essential for helping heifers withstand the cold.

Winter’s Chill and the Metabolic Call: Elevating Heifer Nutrition to Sustain Growth 

As winter sets in, addressing the nutritional needs of heifers becomes crucial in the fight against cold stress. The cold weather demands that heifers have a diet rich in energy to keep them warm and support their growth. 

A good nutrition plan meets the increased energy needs and supports the heifers’ growth. Working with an experienced nutritionist is valuable here. They can help create balanced feed rations with energy, protein, fat, and other nutrients. This partnership helps each heifer meet its growth goals, preventing problems with poor nutrition. 

Poor nutritional management can lead to serious issues like stunted growth, delayed puberty, and later calving ages. These delays can affect the overall herd management strategy, impacting productivity and profitability. Therefore, careful attention to nutrition during the colder months protects against these problems and ensures a healthy, productive herd.

The Icy Threat to Hydration: Safeguarding Heifers’ Access to Vital Water Resources 

Water is crucial for heifers, especially when it can freeze in cold weather. It’s not just important—it’s necessary to keep them healthy and ensure they eat enough. If water is frozen or hard to get, it affects their ability to get the energy they need and grow properly. 

Heifers cannot effectively process food without enough water, and their growth can suffer. They may not gain enough weight or grow to the right size for timely breeding, making having unfrozen water available all the more critical. 

Farmers can use heated water troughs or insulated containers to prevent water from freezing. Regular checks are also essential to ensure water is always available. Heating buckets or putting water in places protected from the wind for outdoor heifers can help. This way, farmers can ensure their heifers stay healthy and grow, even in the coldest winter weather.

Innovative Solutions for Unyielding Cold

  • Creative Windbreaks: Consider using natural elements such as strategically planted trees or shrubs to create effective windbreaks. Alternatively, portable windbreak panels made from recycled materials can offer flexible solutions for heifer pens, particularly in open areas.
  • Technological Monitoring: Implement wearable technology such as smart collars or tags with temperature sensors to monitor heifers’ body temperatures in real time. This data can alert farmers to early signs of cold stress, allowing for prompt intervention.
  • Enhanced Bedding Solutions: Explore using thermal bedding mats, which provide additional warmth and comfort. Some farms have successfully adopted these, finding that they reduce the need for excessive layers of traditional bedding materials.
  • Advanced Housing Designs: Consider geodesic dome structures for housing, which offer superior insulation and airflow management compared to conventional barns. This innovation, used successfully in certain regions, provides a balanced microenvironment for heifers.
  • Successful Practices: A dairy farm in Wisconsin reported improved heifer health and growth rates by incorporating infrared thermal cameras. These allow quick group scanning to identify heifers with abnormal heat signatures indicating cold stress or illness.
  • Smart Nutrition Management: Utilize software that customizes feed rations based on weather conditions to ensure heifers receive the optimal energy needed to combat cold stress. Such solutions have led to better feed efficiency and growth consistency.
  • Community Collaborations: Engage with local agricultural extension services or nearby farms for cooperative solutions, such as pooling resources to create shared indoor facilities or rotating pasture use with better natural shelters.

The Bottom Line

Dealing with cold stress means dairy farmers must take action to protect their heifers’ health and growth. This article has covered key areas like housing, bedding, nutrition, and water, which are crucial in defending heifers from the cold. Managing these things well isn’t just a good idea—it’s necessary. By using the strategies discussed, farmers can protect their young heifers from cold stress so they grow and reach their full potential.

It’s time to examine and improve your heifer management techniques. Consider how these strategies can complement what you’re already doing to keep your herd healthy and productive. We should also share ideas and experiences. Dairy farmers and industry experts are invited to discuss how they deal with cold stress. By sharing knowledge, we can keep improving and ensure our heifers survive the winter and thrive. Join the conversation, share your experiences, and let’s work towards continuous improvement together.

Learn more:

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